Nationalism

French Origins

• Idea of nationalism began during the French Revolution when the National Assembly was formed in the name of the People

  • First time people began identifying themselves by their ethnic group

• Nationalism- pride and loyalty to an ethnic and cultural group

  • Nation state- a country made up of people in that ethnicity

  • Concept spreads with conquering French armies under Napoleon

    • Hovers even after the French left

Empires Divided by Nationalism

• Haiti

  • One of few places in French Empire to practice slavery

  • First area to embrace nationalism

  • When French Revolution abolished slavery (Declaration of Rights of Man)

    • Haitian government resists releasing slaves

    • Massive revolution

      • Tousaint L’Overture- 1794

      • Very violent

      • Many flee

        • New Orleans, Louisiana

          • Napoleon sells this area because there’s no French stopping point between France and Louisiana

  • Napoleon takes over in 1799

    • Goal was to reestablish order in Haiti

    • French are victorious and capture Tousaint

      • Stopped by disease (yellow fever), prevented France from reinstating control

  • 1801- Haitian Republic formed

    • First non-European Republic

• Nationalism spread to other areas of the Caribbean and South America

• Haitians spread nationalism to the rest of Hispaniola- San Dominique

  • Dominican Republic

The Divider in South America

• South American Society

  • Unique social structure and class system

    • Peninsular- Europeans born in Spain

      •  given land grants by King to serve the Crown

    • Creoles- European descent, born in South America

      • Varies from Louisiana creole as LA is a mixture of ethnic groups

        • Natives, africans, european

        • English speakers name all non-English speakers as creole

    • Mestizo- mixture of European and native descent

    • Mulattos- mixture of European and West African descent

    • Slaves

    • Natives

      • Lowest level of South American society

      • Due to religion, only non-Christians

        • Others were mainly Catholic

        • Natives believed in totemism and animism 

South American Independence

• Upset creoles

  • “Hey wait a minute, we’re ethnically the same as peninsulares, we just happen to be born in america! Why are we second tier”

  • Spain doesn’t want to have a revolution like France or Britain

    • Become very oppressive

  • Creoles have to wait for a distraction

    • 1807- Napoleon invades!!

    • Simon Bolivar begins to lead armies to win independence from Spain

      • Throughout South America

      • Takes small garrisons and declares independence

        • 1816- Argentina 

        • 1817- Chile

        • 1821-Venezuela

        • 1821- Mestizo uprising leads to Mexican independence

        • 1822- Ecuador

        • 1822- Portugal grants independence to Brazil

          • Mutual breakup, almost an act of thanks

        • 1824- Columbia and Peru

        • Breakaways from other countries

          • Paraguay, Uruguay, Honduras, etc.

          • Forms modern map

        • 1830- spain only has 2 remaining colonies

          • Cuba and Puerto Rico

European Divisions

• Kingdom of the Netherlands

  • Congress of Vienna combined countries to make this kingdom

    • Dutch Netherlands and Hapsburg/Bourbon Netherlands

      • Different religions and ethnicities

    • 1830- Belgium decides to secede

      • Flemish portion of the Netherlands

• Ottoman Empire

  • Multi-ethnic empire

  • Greeks seek independence, starting with a revolt in 1824

    • 1832- achieve independence

  • Ottoman empire begins to teeter 

• Austria-Hungary

  • Czechs, slovaks, serbs, croats, bosnians want independence from Hapsburgs

    • All happening at relatively the same time

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

• A series of political revolutions occurred in most Western European countries which led to the end of Absolutism

• Most success in France

  • French people are tired of the restored Bourbon dynasty

    • Sought to reclaim absolute power

    • But the French are gonna French

  • Leads to modern political jargon

    • Liberalism vs. conservatism

      • Liberals- end of monarchy in favor of democracy or republic

      • Conservatives- sought to conserve the monarchy

    • Left vs right

      • Literal physical divisions in the legislative chambers

  • France becomes a republic (again)

    • First president is a guy with a famous name thanks to great uncle

      • Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

        • Riding on the coattails of his uncle as much as possible

        • “Second coming of Napoleon”

        • Declares himself emperor of the Second French Empire

  • A lot of these revolutions center around the Commune

    • Refer to themselves as Communards 

    • Inspired Marx (Communists)

The Unifier

• The Italian States

  • Had not been unified since the Roman Empire

    • Unified under Napoleon’s conquest

    • Remains afterwards

  • Multiple italian nationalist movements

    • Giuseppe Garibaldi

      • Mercenary (soldier for hire)

      • Assembled a group of nationalists in Sicily 

        • The Red Shirts

          • Symbol of Italian nationalism

      • Sends Red Shirts in 1861 to fight in Civil War

        • Enlist in Union army for one year in order to gain combat experience

      • Go on the move and go to the Italian mainland

        • “March Up the Boot”

        • Go state to state proclaiming unified Italy

          • Monarchs go along with it

    • Count Di Cavour

      • Prime minister of Kingdom of Sardinia

      • Negotiating unification of Northern Italian states

        • With city of Rome (controlled by the Pope)

          • Agrees to give up everything except Vatican City

    • Hapsburgs give up their region (Venice)

    • 1866- all Italian States are unified under King Emanuel, creating modern Italy