pathology of oropharyngeal and salivary gland diseases
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Question: What are the main categories of diseases affecting the lips, mouth, and tongue?
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Answer: Inflammatory diseases, tongue ulcers, and neoplastic diseases1.
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Question: List the non-infective causes of inflammation of the lips (chelitis).
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Answer: Vitamin B and iron deficiency, and dribbling of saliva2.
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Question: List the infective causes of inflammation of the lips (chelitis).
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Answer: Viral (herpes simplex), bacterial (syphilis, staph. Aureus), and fungal (Monilia)2.
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Question: What are the viral causes of inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis)?
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Answer: Herpes simplex and Measles (Koplik’s spots)2.
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Question: What are some causes of catarrhal stomatitis?
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Answer: Surface irritants like smoking and spices, and Vitamin A, B & C deficiencies2....
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Question: What are the causes of chronic inflammation of the tongue (atrophic glossitis)?
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Answer: Vitamin B2, B12, and iron deficiency, as well as Plummer-Vinson syndrome3.
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Question: What are the causes of acute superficial inflammation of the tongue (glossitis)?
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Answer: Syphilis, sharp tooth, smoking, and spices3.
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Question: What are the causes of acute deep inflammation of the tongue (glossitis)?
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Answer: Deep wound3.
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Question: What are the causes of chronic deep inflammation of the tongue (glossitis)?
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Answer: Granulomatous inflammation such as T.B. or Gumma3.
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Question: What is a dental (traumatic) ulcer of the tongue and why is it important?
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Answer: An ulcer due to teeth irritation, usually at the lateral edge of the tongue; it is precancerous3.
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Question: Where are dyspeptic ulcers usually located on the tongue?
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Answer: Near the tip of the tongue4.
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Question: Where is a tuberculous ulcer typically located on the tongue?
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Answer: At the tip of the tongue4.
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Question: Describe the different stages of syphilitic ulcers.
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Answer: Primary stage: ulcerated chancre; Secondary stage: ulcerated mucous patches; Tertiary stage: Gummatous ulcer on the dorsum of the tongue between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 (precancerous)4.
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Question: Describe the key features of a malignant ulcer of the tongue.
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Answer: Common in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue at the lateral edges, with a raised everted edge, necrotic floor, and indurated fixed base4.
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Question: What are the components of Plummer – Vinson syndrome?
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Answer: Iron deficiency anemia, esophageal obstruction, pharyngitis, and atrophic glossitis5.
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Question: List the benign tumors of the lips, mouth, and tongue.
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Answer: Squamous cell papilloma, benign mixed salivary gland tumor, haemangioma, lymphangioma, and granular cell tumor5....
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Question: List the malignant tumors of the lips, mouth, and tongue.
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Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma, malignant salivary gland tumors, and sarcomas6.
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Question: What are the predisposing factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity?
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Answer: Chronic irritation (smoking, alcohol, mechanical irritation), oncogenic viruses, and precancerous lesions (leukoplakia, squamous cell papilloma, dental and gummatous ulcers)6.
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Question: Where does squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue typically occur?
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Answer: More common on the anterior 2/3 than the posterior 1/3, at the lateral edge6.
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Question: How does squamous cell carcinoma spread from the tongue?
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Answer: Local to surroundings, lymphatic to submental and submandibular lymph nodes (lip carcinoma) and cervical lymph nodes (oral and tongue carcinoma), and via blood to the lungs and other organs7.
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Question: What are the common causes of death in patients with tongue carcinoma?
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Answer: Aspiration bronchopneumonia and lung abscess, hemorrhage, and cachexia7.
Salivary Gland Diseases
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Question: What are the main categories of salivary gland diseases?
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Answer: Inflammatory diseases (sialadenitis), salivary gland duct stones (sialolithiasis), and tumors1....
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Question: What is acute sialadenitis?
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Answer: Inflammation of the salivary glands, often the parotid gland (parotitis), caused by mumps or acute suppurative infection7.
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Question: What are the causes of chronic sialadenitis?
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Answer: Non-specific causes or specific infections like T.B. or actinomycosis7.
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Question: What is a cause of immune-mediated sialadenitis?
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Answer: Mickulicz disease7.
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Question: How does mumps affect the parotid glands?
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Answer: Causes bilateral enlargement of the parotid glands with signs of acute inflammation (swelling, hotness, redness, painful)10.
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Question: What are the possible complications of mumps?
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Answer: Orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, mastitis, 8th nerve neuritis, and meningoenchephalitis10.
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Question: How are salivary gland duct stones (sialolithiasis) formed?
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Answer: A stone forms around a nucleus of food debris or desquamated cells, followed by calcium phosphate deposits8.
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Question: What is the most common location for salivary gland duct stones?
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Answer: The duct of the submandibular gland8.
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Question: What is the most common benign salivary gland tumor?
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Answer: Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed salivary gland tumor)9.
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Question: What cell type is the pleomorphic adenoma derived from?
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Answer: Myoepithelial cells9.
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Question: Describe the macroscopic appearance of a pleomorphic adenoma.
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Answer: Rounded, well-demarcated masses with an incomplete capsule, firm, grayish white with areas of cartilaginous or osseous tissues11.
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Question: What are the two components of pleomorphic adenoma?
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Answer: Epithelial-myoepithelial and mesenchymal11.
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Question: What are the indicators of malignant transformation in a pleomorphic adenoma?
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Answer: Rapid rate of growth, facial nerve paralysis, becoming more hard and fixed, and enlarged regional lymph nodes12.
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Question: What is another name for Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum?
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Answer: adenolymphoma / Warthin’s tumor12.
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Question: Describe the microscopic appearance of Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum.
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Answer: Cystic spaces with papillary ingrowth, lined by two layers of epithelial cells (outer columnar secretory cells and inner oncocytic cells), and lymphoid aggregates in the stroma13.
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Question: What are the key features of Oncocytoma?
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Answer: Solid sheets of large cells with abundant red granular cytoplasm, scanty and hyalinized fibrous stroma14.
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Question: List the malignant salivary gland tumors mentioned in the lecture.
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Answer: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and Acinic adenocarcinoma9.
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Question: Describe the macroscopic appearance of adenocarcinoma in the salivary glands.
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Answer: Hard fixed mass with a grayish-white cut surface and areas of hemorrhage and necrosis15.
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Question: How are Acinic adenocarcinoma, Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and Adenoid cystic carcinoma graded in terms of prognosis?
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Answer: Acinic adenocarcinoma (Less malignant), Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (Intermediate), Adenoid cystic carcinoma (Highly malignant