INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE

• Literature is humanity itself

• Comes from the Latin word “Litera” which means “Letter”

• A piece of printed work connected to the thoughts and expressions of the people which is being passed down from generation to generation

• Matthew Arnold - an english poet and cultural critic “literature is a criticism of life”

• American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language - “literature must be an analysis of experience and synthesis of findings into a unity

• Oscard Wilde - “literature always anticipates life. It does not copy it, but it molds it to its purpose”

• Henry Van Dyke - “literature consists of writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, in artistic forms and of permanent interest”

LITERARY STANDARDS:

• Aesthetically Satisfying

• Intellectually Stimulating

• Spiritually Uplifting

DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE:

• Poetry

• Prose

• Drama

- literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm.

TYPES OF POETRY:

• Narrative Poetry - describes important events in life either imaginary or real

• A story telling verse

Includes:

• Epic - a long narrative poem about the exploits of a supernatural hero.

• Metrical Tale - an ordinary story told in verse

• Ballad - tells a story of ordinary people

• Corrido - a narrative ballad that consists of regular verses of four octosyllabic lines

• Metrical Romance

• Lyric Poetry - the kind of poetry that’s meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre.

• Expresses emotions and feelings of poet

• Usually short, simple, and easy to understand

Includes:

• Folk songs (Awiting Bayan) - a traditional song that is typical of a particular community or nation

• Sonnets - distinguished by its form for it always consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines

• Elegy - lyric poem that talks about death

• Ode - lyric poem that expresses enthusiasm

• Psalm (Dalit) - composed of sacred songs/poems meant to be sung

• Dramatic Poetry - “dramatic verse/ verse drama”

• Written work that tells a story and connects the reader to an audience of emotions or behavior

• Form of narrative closely related to acting

• Consists of poems in which everything is conveyed through words of a single speaker who reveals a background circumstances and conflicts and provides insight into his/her own character

Includes:

• Dramatic Monologue - speaker converses with a present silent listener.

• Soliloquy - speaker recites in long verse in his/her private thoughts and feeling to no one

OTHER TYPES OF POETRY:

• Comedy - consists of humorous sense that readers think of today.

• Melodrama - deals with sensational and romantic topics that appeal to the emotions of the common audience

• Tragedy - literary device signifying a story/drama that presents an admirable character that confronts powerful forces inside/outside themselves

• Farce - a literary genre and type of comedy that makes use of highly exaggerated and funny situations aimed at entertaining the audience

• Social Poems - poem written for public use. This concerns public attention or current situation of the country

• Riddles - a question, puzzle, phrase, or statement devised to get unexpected or clever answers

• Proverbs - a short saying/ piece of folk wisdom that emerges from the general culture rather than being written by single, individual author

PROSE POETRY - has all characteristics of poetry.

• A written or oral language without metrical control

• Written in sentences and paragraphs

TYPES:

• Fiction - tells about imaginary character and events

• Chick Lit: literature that appeals mainly to women

• Flash Fiction : very short and consists of only few words

• Speculative Fiction: involves setting that is not in the real word

• Non-Fiction - prose writing based on real people and events

PROSE POETRY

> sentences & > lines & stanzas

paragraphs

> ordinary speech/ > special/ artistic

writing

> may/ may not be > has main artistic

Creative

TYPES OF PROSE:

1. Novel - long narrative divided into chapters

• Taken from true to life stories

1. Short Story - narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression

2. Play - presented on stage, divided into act, has many scenes

3. Legends - fictitious narratives

4. Fables - deals with animals and inanimate things

5. Anecdotes - merely products of writer’s imagination and aims to bring out lessons to readers

6. Essays - expresses viewpoints/ opinion of writer about particular problem/ event

7. Biography - deals with life of a person

8. News - report of everyday events in society, government, science, and industry

9. Oration - formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public

• Appeals to intellect, will. And emotions of audience

• Drama - composition inverse or prose intended to portray life or character or to tell a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through actions and dialogue

• Designed for theatrical performances

GENRES OF DRAMA:

1. Tragedy

2. Comedy

3. Tragicomedy

4. Melodrama

5. Farce

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA:

1. Plot

2. Characters

3. Setting

4. Dialogue

5. Gesture

6. Music

7. Theme

LITERARY ELEMENTS:

1. Plot

2. Characters

3. Setting

4. Theme

5. Conflict

6. Point of View

7. Mood

8. Symbols

OTHER LITERARY DEVICES:

1. Aphorism - concise truth

2. Chekhov’s Gun - any seemingly unimportant element that becomes significant later on in the story

3. Cliffhanger - a situation or part of a play or film that is very exciting or frightening because you are left for a long time not knowing what will happen next

4. Epiphany - sudden realization

5. Figures of Speech - an expression or word that is used with a metaphorical rather than a literal meaning

6. Flashback - a transition in a story to an earlier time

7. Flashforward - scene that temporarily takes the narrative forward in time from the current point of the story

8. Foreshadowing - warning or indication of future event

9. Juxtaposition - he act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side often to compare or contrast or to create an interesting effect.

10. Rhetorical Question - a question, asked in order to make a statement, that does not expect an answer

FIGURES OF SPEECH

• Literary device which suggests another thing beyond the literal meaning of a word

• Embellish language of poetry and prose

• Simile - indirect comparison between two unlike things ; uses “as” or “like”

• Metaphor - implied/direct comparison between unlike things

• Uses linking verb “is” “are” “was” “were”

• Hyperbole - exaggerates an idea

• Used to generate laughter

• Personification - gives human qualities to non-human objects

• Apostrophe - direct address to someone absent/ something intangible or abstract

• Alliteration - repetition of first consonant sound

• Anaphora - repetition of same word/ phrase at beginning of successive clause

• Allusion - brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, political significance

> Literary Allusion: Mythological and Biblical

> Historical Allusion

>Cultural Allusion

• Anastrophe - figure of speech characterized by inversion of words/ phrases

Example: The stars sparkle on a black cloak → On a black cloak sparkle the stars

• Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds

• Chiasmus - word order in one clause is inverted (Inverted Parallelism)

• Onomatopoeia - word that imitates a real sound

• Euphemism - substitution of less offensive or more agreeable term

• Irony - use of words in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning

1. Verbal Irony - occurs when speaker’s intention is opposite of what he/she is saying

2. Situational Irony - occurs when actual result of situation is totally different from what you’d expect the result to be

3. Dramatic Irony - occurs when audience knows a key piece of information that a character in story does not.

• Metonymy - substitution of associated word to suggest what is really meant

“He hit the bottle soon after his wife died”

• Oxymoron - use two terms together that normally contradicts each other

• Paradox - use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth

• Pun - a play on words

• Synecdoche - part is used to represent the whole or the whole for the part

PRE COLONIAL LITERATURE

Primary Means of Preserving Literature in Pre-Colonial Times:

• Oral Transmission (word of mouth) - the primary means of communicating and preserving literature (folk sayings, stories, songs)

Riddles: Bugtong (Tagalog), Paktakon (Ilonggo), Patototdon (Bicol), Buburtia (Ilocano)

Proverbs - statements of particular culture’s codes of behavior and beliefs

• Intended to teach values

: Kasabihan (Tagalog), Panultihon / Pagya (Cebuano), Kasebian (Pampango), Humbaton / Hurubaton (Ilonggo), Daragilan and Daraida (People of Panay), Basahan (Bukidnon)

• A short but meaty saying prescribing accepted norms of behavior

• Contains words of wisdom

• Considered a truism

Epic - most prominent literary genre of pre-colonial period

: Darangen (Maranao), Ulahingan (Manobo), Guman (Subanon), Hudhud (Ifugao)

• Chanted or sung

• Featured local heroes taking adventures (Biag ni Lam-ang)

SHORTER FORMS OF FICTION

• Myths - served to explain how the world was created

• Legends - explains origin of things in the universe and appeared to have basis in real life

• Fables - short tales that usually highlights animals

• Love Songs - also courtship song, serenades, and lyrics for unrequited love (badeng- ilocano, mandata- manobo and bukidnon, bilaan ye dayon)

• Lullabies - existed for the sake of putting infants to ease (uyayi- tagalog, andang- aeta)

• Children Songs - product of imagination and playtime (Cansiones para abbing - ibanag, ida-ida a rata - maguindanao)

• Mangyan Ambahan - musical tool to import lessons to the youth

OTHER SHARED SONGS IN THE COMMUNITY

• Soliranin - rowing song (tagalog)

• Mambayu - pounding rice song (kalinga)

• Mannamili - making pots (ilocano)

• Manganinay - hunting bees (manobo)

Tagay (Waray) - act of drinking from the same cup and eating snacks that accompanied the beverage

Other songs include:

1. Religious

2. Ritual

3. Death anniversary

4. Bountiful harvest

5. Thanksgiving

6. Lamentation (kanogon - cebuano, ibi - kalinga)

LITERATURE DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD

Spanish Colonization

1. Written Literature

2. Christian Faith

3. Religious Traditions 17th - 19th century

Syllabary - 1st alphabet in the Philippine writing system during pre-colonial times

Roman Alphabet - 23 letters, no w, y, k

Doctrina Christiana - 1st book published in the Philippines during 1953

• Where religious literature in both prose and poetry flourished

Ladinos - writers who were proficient in both local and foreign language

Rizal was considered as a polyglot (multilingual)

Pasyon - preserved in several languages (ilonggo, bicolano, cebuano, waray)

-Aniceto de la Merced’s “El Libro de la Vida”

-Gaspar Aquino de Belen’s “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesus Christong Panginoon Natin na Tolo”

Religious Lyrics:

• Complementary Verses - to attract readers to read a certain book by giving praises

• To draw readers and teach Spanish Language to Filipinos

• Meditative Verses - were found in novenas and catechisms

• Verses in novenas and catechisms tended to be written in the poetic form dalit (an early form that resemble free verse and has octosyllabic four-line stanza)

DRAMATIC FORMS OF LITERATURE -enriching Philippine Theater

1. Sarswela - a play with songs and dances usually written in prose containing 1-5 acts depicting vagaries of romantic love among idealized Filipino characters

2. Komedya - battle dramatization between Christians and Muslims

3. Sinakulo - dramatized the pasyon and is a live action simulation of Christ’s passion and death

FORMS OF NARRATIVE PROSE

1. Tratado - polemical tract

2. Ejemplo - exemplum

3. Dialogo - dialogue

→Proliferation of biographies of saints, prayer books, and religious tales

→ Didactic narratives were published with teaching of religious narrative poetry

→ Si Tandang Basio Macunat (Fr. Miguel Lucio, 1885) and Ang Bagong Robinson (Joaquin Tuason, 1879)

SECULAR LITERATURE

• Illustrados - educated people

• The courtly love literature of Marlowe, Raleigh, and Shakespeare found its niche in Philippine literature when the 18th and 19th century secular lyrics emerged

• Jose de la Cruz (Huseng Sisiw): “O” and “Caauaauang Buhay Co sa Iba”

• Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas): “Labindalawang Sugat ng Puso” and “Florante at Laura”

• Rafael Gandioco, Jacint Kawili, Leona Florentino, and Isabelo de los Reyes

METRICAL ROMANCE - a highly precise and structured poem

• Korido - written in octosyllabic four-line stanza (Ibong Adarna)

• Awit - written in dodecasyllabic four line stanza (Florante at Laura)

• Prominent writers include: Jose de la Cruz, Ananias Zorilla, Anselmo Jorge de Fajardo, Feliciano Castillo, Jacinto Castillo

SECULAR POETRY - came in the form of songs for everyday experiences (bahay kubo, magtanim ay di biro, etc.)

Marcelo H. Del Pilar - founder of dyaryo tagalog

• Master of tagalog language

• “Pasyong Dapat Ipagpaalab Nang Puso Nag Taong Baba sa Kalupitan nang Fraile”

Graciano Lopez-Jaena - editor and founder of La Solidaridad

• Wrote Fray Butod

• Spearheaded the reformation movement

Andres Bonifacio - father of katipunan

• Writer of “pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa” and “ang dapat mabatid ng mga tagalog”

Emilio Jacinto - Utak ng katipunan

• “Ang Ningning at ang Liwanag”

DR. JOSE RIZAL

Fullname: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

• Influential writer

• Blossomed in both prose and poetry

• Wrote: Mi Ultimo Adios (my last farewell), Noli Me Tangere <3 (Touch me not), El Filibusterismo (_) (The traitor)

SHORT FICTION WRITERS

1. Enrique Laygo

2. Jesus Balmori

3. Benigno del Rio

ESSAY WRITERS IN SPANISH

1. Teodoro M. Kalaw

2. Claro M. Recto - father of Philippine revolution

3. Epifanio de los Santos

THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINO

• The longest essay of Rizal published in La Solidaridad

• Published to educate Filipinos about Spain’s corrupt and flawed country

• Rizal explored the Filipino’s natural tendency to indolence

Contribution to Filipino Indolence

1. The hot climate in the Philippines

2. The abundance of resources that provided their needs with little effort

3. The absence of compensation for their effort rendered

• Telling the truth is important in serving the country

• Rizal’s adamant defense of Filipinos work ethic has clear evidence in the present day

• Filipinos work hard to provide for their families

• Filipinos stand out because of sheer determination and diligence (THEME OF THE ESSAY)

VOCABULARIES:

• Agitated - getting someone troubled or nervous

• Indolence - laziness/ idle

• Adduced - evidence

• Expedient - practical/ convenient

• Impartiality - unbiased / equal treatment

• Panacea(s) - solution/ remedy

• Dogma - set of principles, also called as tenets

• Repudiate - refuse / decline

• Carriage - kalesa, vehicle powered by a horse

• Pernicious - harmful effect

• Parasol - princess holding umbrella

• Coadjector - doctor in farmland

• Amass - gather together/ accumulate large amount of things

• Brute - powerful/ man is capable of being tired

AMERICAN COLONIZATION

• Thomasites - soldier that teaches

• Our first teachers

• During the American Period, Filipinos had freedom of expression

WHEN AMERICAN COLONIZERS ARRIVED:

1. They brought the English language

2. The American culture begun to establish its firm grip on Filipino identity during the 20th century

3. Filipino writers came to appreciate new styles and genres of writing

TWO SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS

1. Introduction of free public institutions for all children of school age

2. The use of english as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools

ENGLISH LANGUAGE DURING THE COLONIZATION:

• Adopted as the medium of instruction in the public school system – Filipinos wanted to propagate the english language

• Brought new dimensions to the nation’s collective language

• The rise of english coincided with the diminishing use of spanish

• Educational institutions and various publications were crucial to the growth of Philippine Literature in English

• In 1901, 600 American Teachers (Thomasites) arrived in the country

LITERARY SEED DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD

1. Up Writer’s Club (1927) – aimed to enhance and propagate the language of Shakespeare

2. Philippine Magazine

3. College Folio/ “Philippine Collegian” (1910)

4. The Varsitarian in UST (1928)

5. The Ateneo Monthly (1922)

6. The Guidon (1926)

7. Wings (1931-1932)

POEMS IN ENGLISH

• “Never Mind and Other Poems” – Procopio Solidum (1928)

• “Filipino Poetry” – a Radolfo Dato edited anthology (1924)

• “Azucena” – Marcelo de Garcia Concepcion (1925)

• “English German Anthology of Poets” – edited by Pablo Lacio was published and covered poets published from 1924-1934

• “Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets” – a third pre-war collection edited by Carlos Bulosan

ROMANTICISM POEMS:

• “My Wife’s Hands” – Conrado Ramirez (1933)\

• “Day on the Farm” – Luis Dato (1934)

• “Soledad” – Angela Manalang Gloria (1935), talks about women chastity

Literature in the 1940s

• Jose Garcia Villa

• One of the chief figures of Modernism

• Published “Have Come, Am Here” (1942) and “Have Come, Am Here: Volume 2”(1949)

• He made a clear statement about innovation toying with the English Grammar and Syntax standards

• He is known as the Shakespeare of the Philippines

• Was lauded as a genius storyteller

• Literary writing in English marked by imitation of style of storytelling and strict adherence to the craft of the short story as practiced by popular American Fictionists

IN 1940s

• Rafael Zulueta de Costa won the Commonwealth Literary Contest with his poetry “Like the Malave and other Poems”

• Da Costa’s poems established free verse firmly within Philippine poetic tradition

• Alejandro Abadilla marked the publication with his poem “Ako ang Daigdig” which was considered as the trendsetter in poem writing

Novels Written in Local Languages:

1. “Banaag at Sikat”- Lope K. Santos (1906)

2. “Anino ng Kahapon” - Francisco Laksamana (1906)

3. “Pinaglahunan” - Faustino Aguilar (1907)

4. “Ama” - Lazaro Francisco (1927)

5. “Doktor Kuba” - Faustino Galauran (1933)

6. “Ang Palad ni Pepe” - F.P. Boquecosa (1937)

7. Other Vernacular Writers: Magdalena Jalandoni, Ismaelita Floro Lueza, Conrado Norada, Sasana de Guzman

“A Child of Sorrow” by Zolio Galang in 1921 was the first Filipino novel in English

Juan G. Laya, won the commonwealth literary awards with his novel “His Native Soil”

Legacy of the Short Stories

• “Dead Stars” - Paz Marquez (1925); talks about culture of mindanao

• “Stealer of Hearts” - Jose Villa Panganiban (1927, publication of first philippine short stories in english)

• “Footnote to Youth” - Jose Garcia Villa (1933; story of early marriage)

• “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife” - Manuel Aguilla (1930)

• “The Wound and the Scar” - Arturo Rotor (1930); culture of Ilocanos

Stories Written in Vernacular Language

• “Sketches”/ Dagli in tagalog - Patrico Manano and Valeriano Hernandez Peña

• “Greta Garbo” - Deogracias A. Rosario (Father of tagalog short stories)

• “Mga Kwentong Ginto” - Alejandro G. Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo (1936)

• “50 Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kuwentista” - Pedro Reyes (1939)

Field Of Drama

• 1915 - “Modern Filipino” first Philippine play by Araullo Castillejo

• Sons for Sale, The Ghost, Real Leader - Carlos P. Ramulo (president of United Nations General Assembly)

• The New Leader, Puring’s Choices, Radiant Symbol, Clauses 3 and 4 in his literature collection “The Radiant Symbol”. - Jorge Bacobo

• The Meeting in the Town Hall and Souls Torment - Rizal inspired plays

• “The Husband of Mrs. Cruz” - a political play by Tan

• 40 plays were produced or published from 1922-1931

• Wilfredo Ma. Gurrero - “The Condemned”, “Women are Extraordinary”, “Forever”

• Master of Philippine Drama

Essays

• 1921, Zoilo Galang, “Life and Success”- first philippine book of essays in english

• 1933, essays collection “Dear Devices, Being a First Volume of Familiar Essays”

• Writers among the pioneer of Philippine

assay include, Frederico Mangahas,

Jose A. Lansang, and Ariston Estrada.“

• “The Call of the Heights”, a single -

author collection by Alfredo Q. Gonzales

in 1937.

Famous Essay Writers of American Colonial Period

• Mauro Mendez

• Maria Kalaw-Katigbak

• Alfredo Gonzales

• Cristiano Jamias

• Antonio Estrada

• Josefa Estrada

• Pura Santillan-Castrence

• Francisco B. Icasiano

• Amado Dayrit

Critics During the American Colonial Period

• Manuel A Viray

• Salvador P. Lopez– “Literature and Society”; argued that literary writers has a role to play in social development

• Jose Garcia Villa – with his own work “Roll

of Honor” and “art for art’s sake.”

Condemned by Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero

Characters:

1. Pablo Gonzales- 24 yrs old

2. Angela Gonzales

3. Cristina

4. Tia Chadeng

5. Andres Gorospe- childhood friend of Pablo and the only one who visited him before execution

6. Simeon Sereno- bad influence to Pablo Gonzales

7. Father Lim

8. Warden

NOTE:

• Freedom of Expression - theme of the American Period

• Modernism, Romanticism - principles in english

• Elements of drama:

1. .Plot

2. Characters

3. Setting

4. Dialogue

5. aside

6. soliloquy - alone

7. Gestures/ Body movement

8. music

9. Theme - central idea

LITERATURE DURING THE JAPANESE AND POST-WAR PERIODS

• The Japanese Period was considered as the Golden Era

• The use of the English language was refused during this period

• “Amidst the chaos that ensued in the Philippines, writers found their voices and our literature endured. Postcolonial Philippines continued to produce exquisite literary works”

How Japanese And Post War Periods Unfolded

• Despite the outbreak of WWII, Philippine Literature endured

• The english language has been rejected and Philippine literature is redefined by strengthening the vernacular languages

Writers Of Short Fiction In Vernacular:

1. Clemente Alejandra

2. Benjamin Pascual - famous in making fables in a poetic style

3. Nicolasa Ponte-Perfecto

4. Liwayway Arceo

5. Lorenzo Dilay Fajardo

6. Macano Pineda

7. Rosario Tuason-Baluyut

8. Abe S. Gonzales

9. Genoveva Edroza-Matute

• Children and women were heavily featured in Matute’s stories, which put these characters on the cusp of their personal epiphanies

• “Bughaw Pa Sa Likod Ng Ulap” by Genoveva Edroza-Matute

Post-War Period

• Two gripping standard-setting novels were published

1. 1946 - “America Is In The Heart”

• Carlos Bulusan gave a brutally frank, semi-autobiographical account of Filipino immigrants’ plight in the United States

1. Steven Javellana - “Without Seeing The Dawn” exposed comfortable social realities about the Japanese occupation

Remarkable Writers:

• F. Sionil Jose

• Kerima Polatan-Tuvera

• Ophelia Alcantara-Dimalanta

• Aida Rivera-Ford

• Gilda Cordeo-Fernando

NVM Gonzales

• Has a notable influence in building literary writers in the post-war period

• A teacher in UP and UST

• Works include: “Children Of The Ash Covered Loam” (1954) and “Look Strange, On This Island Now” (1963)

Tagalog Literature

• 1964 - “Mga Agos sa Disyerto” (compilation of short stories)

• Modernism writers:

• Rogelio sicad

• Efren Abued

• Edgardo Reyes

Vernacular Novels That Reflected Social And Political Realities Abounded:

1. “Timawa” - Agustin Fabian (1953)

2. “Maganda Po and Daigdig” - Lazaro Francisco (1955)

3. “Pagkamulat Ni Magdalena” - Alejandro G. Abadilla (1958)

4. “Mga Ibong Mandaragit” - Amado V. Hernandez (1960)

5. “Sa Mga Kuko Ng Liwanag” - Edgardo Reyes (1967)

In 1950

• Palanca Awards were instituted to recognize the finest literary writers of the country

• Short stories Francisco Arcellana, Edith L. Tiempo, Juan T. Gatbonton

• Marked the peak of modernism in the Philippines

• “Dog in a room you just left” - T.D. Agcaoili (1953)

• “Off The Aleutian Islands” - Amador Daguio (1953)

American New Criticism In The Works Of:

1. Nick Joaquin - Prose And Poems (1952)

2. Dominador I. Ilio - The Diploma And Other Poems (1955)

3. Bienvenido N. Santos - The Wounded Stag (1956)

4. Ricardo Demetillo - No Certain Weather (1956)

5. Manuel A. Viray - After This Exile (1965)

6. Cirilo F. Bautista - The Cave In 1968 (1968)

Two Important Pillars Of Philippine Literature in 1950

• Edilberto and Edith Tiempo - established the Siliman Writers Workshop in 1961

Vernacular Poetry

• Strains of modernism were evident in the works of Lamberto E. Antonio, Pedro L. Ricarto, Rogelio Mangahas, Virgilio Almario also known as “Rio Alma” (eventual National Artist for literature)

• Works were produced in tagalog

• In 1967, their works and of those various poets compiled in “Manlilikha: Mga Piling Tula 1961-1967” an anti-commercialism anthology

• Writers in Ateneo De Manila started the Bagay Movement

• Rolando S. Tinio, Bienvenido Lumbera, Jose F. Lacaba, Antonio E. Samson focused on concrete subjects

• First Palanca Awards= for poetry was given in 1964

• Carlos Angeles was recognized for his “A Stun of Jewels”

• Philippine drama was infused with new life through the dedication of the folks in UP and Ateneo

• Fernando Poe Sr. was a key figure and both acted and directed Wilfredo Maria Guerrero’s The Condemned

• Metropolitan Theater became an avenue for directors

• Other directors are Life Theater(Gerardo De Leon) and Avenue Theater (Lamberto Avellana)

Palanca Award Winners in Drama:

1. Isabel Taylor

2. Wilfredo Nolledo

3. Alberto Florentino

4. Jesus Peralta

In The Field Of Essay:

• Francisco Arcellana ran a column “Through a Glass Darkly” in This Magazine

• Same outlet featured the essays of Pura Santilla-Castrence, Amador Daguio, and Estrella D. Alfon

• Yay Panlilio-Marking had her own column “Where a Country Begins” in Weekly Women’s Magazine from 1955-1961 and published number of essay in 1962

Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil

• Highly respected name among the essayist

• Ran a column named “My Humble Opinion” for 12 years in Manila Chronicle

• Her works were published in the collection “Woman Enough And Other Essays” 1963

LITERATURE IN THE LATE 20th CENTURY

• Filipinos' experiences shaped the literary texts that writers produced

• Both vernacular works and english texts abounded

• The 1987 constitution identified Filipino and English as the two official languages of the country

AMADO V. HERNANDEZ

• National Artist for literature

• Published "Bayang Malaya" (1970)--recalls japanese occupation

• 1970- Ateneo De Manila University opened a writing workshop devoted to tagalog writers

• The Tiempo's annual workshop at Silliman University continued to operate

• NVM Gonzales mentored new generations of students in his college classes

Authors Who Focused Writing Issues In Society

1. Amado V. Hernandez - established the hallmark for poets using Filipino

2. Reben Cuevas - made an anti-marcos poem "Prometheus Unbound"

3. Emmanuel S. Torres - published three books of poetry and came up with the socio-political "Shape of Silence" in 1972

4. Virgilio Almario - "Doktrinang Anakpawis"

5. Jose F. Lacaba - "Ang Mga Kagila-Gilalas Na Pakikipagsapalaran"

Power Of Literature

1. "Philippine Free Press" and "Philippine Graphic" were shut down consequently during martial law

2. Writers came up with an underground literature (pamphlets and anthologies )

3. Underground efforts included "Kamao, Panitikan Ng Protesta" (1997-1985), "Versus" (1986), and "STR" (1989)

Poets With The Voice In Protest Through Their Works

• BIenvenido Lumbera

• Jose Lacaba

• Emmanuel Lacaba

• Mila Aguilar

• Teo Antonio

• Lamberto E. Antonio

• Edgardo Maranan

• Kris Montanez

• Tomas F. Agulto

• Jesus Santiago

Jose Ma. Sison, Alan Jazmines, Judy Taguiwalo proved that prison cannot stop poetry writers

Benigno Aquino Jr. Was assassinated during 1983

The 1980s and 1990s Continue to Produce Excellent Poets In Both English And Filipino

• Marjorie Evasco published "Dreamweavers" collection (1987)

• Ramon C. Sunico's "The Secret of Graphite: Poems in 2 Tongues"

• Fatima V. Lim's "Wandering Roots" (1978-1988) and " From The House" (1989-1990)

• Eric Gamalinda's "Lyrics From A Dead Language" (1991)

Great Novel Genres During This Period Include:

• “The Praying Man” (1982)- NVM Gonzales

• “Great Philippine Jungle Energy Cafe” (1987)- Alfred Yuson

• “Planet Waves” (1989) - Eric Gamalinda

• “Bamboo In The Wind” (1990) - Asundon Grajo-Uranza

• “Dog Eaters” (1990) - Jessica Hagedorn

• “The Honey, The Locusts” (1992) - Lina Espina-Moore

• “Killing Time In a Warm Place” (1992) - Jose Y. Dalisay Jr.

Brilliant Fictionists In The Vernaculars

1. Gremer Chan Reyes

2. Mig Alvarez Enriquez

3. Godofredo Roperos

4. Dionisio Gabriel

5. Ricardo Oebenda

6. Alicia Tan-Gonzales

7. Lina Espina-Moore

8. Wilfredo Nolledo

Essayist In Several Outlets:

• Nick Joaquin (under his moniker Quijano de Manila) published “Reportage On Politics And OtherEssays” and “Language Of The //Street And Other Essays”

• Conrado De Quiros’ “Flowers From The Rubble” 1990

• Carmen Guerrero Nakpil’s “The Philippines” 1989

• Alfred Yuson’s (the multi-faced) “Confessions Of A Q.C. House-Husband” 1991

Talented Essay Writers

1. Sylvia Mayuga

2. Juan Gatbonton

3. Napoleon G. Rama

4. Nestor Mata

5. Maximo Soliven

6. Amando Dayrit

7. Alfredo Navarro Salanga

Palanca Awards

• Led to the discovery of future generations of literary giants

• In 1981, another award-giving body was established: The Manila Critics Circle

1. Isagani Cruz

2. Gemino Abad

3. Doreen Fernandez

4. Ma. Luisa Torres Reyes

5. Soledad Reyes

6. Edel Garcellano

7. Priscelina P. Legasto

8. Edna Z. Manlapaz