Polymers
Page 1: Title Page
Mapua University
Polymers
Page 2: Definition of Polymers
Polymers: High molar mass molecular compounds made of many repeating chemical units.
Naturally Occurring Polymers:
Proteins: Large biomolecules made of amino acids.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, essential for genetic information.
Cellulose: A structural component of plant cell walls.
Rubber: Elastic material derived from latex.
Synthetic Polymers:
Nylon: A synthetic fiber known for its durability.
Tyvek: A waterproof and tear-resistant material.
Silverstone®: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), known for its non-stick properties.
Page 3: Types of Polymers
Copolymers: Polymers made up of two or more different monomers.
Monomers: The simplest repeating units in a polymer.
Homopolymer: A polymer made from only one type of monomer.
Page 4: Ethylene Derivatives and Common Polymers
Table 10.6: Ethylene Derivatives Under Addition Polymerization.
Common Monomer Names and Formulas:
Ethylene (C2H4):
Polyethylene: Used for squeeze bottles, bags, and films.
Propylene (C3H6):
Polypropylene: Used for bottles and indoor/outdoor carpets.
Vinyl Chloride (C2H3Cl):
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC): Used for floor tiles and pipes.
Acrylonitrile (C3H3N):
Polyacrylonitrile (Orlon): Used for rugs and fabrics.
Styrene (C8H8):
Polystyrene: Used for food containers and insulation.
Methyl Methacrylate (C5H8O2):
Poly(methyl methacrylate): Used for transparent objects and contact lenses.
Tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4):
Polytetrafluoroethylene: Used for gaskets and non-stick cookware.
Page 5: Hydrocarbons in Polymers
Macromolecules: Polymers with thousands of atoms and very high molecular weights (over a million).
Hydrocarbons: Polymers with carbon backbones and hydrogen atoms bonded.
Examples: Polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene.
Page 6: Basic Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons: Compounds composed solely of hydrogen and carbon.
Types of Hydrocarbons:
Aliphatic: Linear or branched structures (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes).
Aromatic: Circular structure with alternating double bonds.
Page 7: Alkanes
General Formula: CnH2n + 2
Characteristics:
Only single covalent bonds.
Saturated hydrocarbons: Max hydrogen atoms bond to carbon.
Page 8: Alkenes
General Formula: CnH2n
Characteristics:
Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Also known as olefins.
Page 9: Alkynes
General Formula: CnH2n − 2
Characteristics:
Contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
Page 10: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Characteristics:
Contains cyclic structures with alternating double bonds.
Specific examples were not provided in the content presented here.
Page 11: Functional Groups
Common Functional Groups and Examples:
Alkyl Halide (R-X) - Example: n-Propyl chloride.
Alkene (C=C) - Example: 1-Butene.
Alkyne (R-C≡C-R) - Example: 1-Butyne.
Alcohol (R-OH) - Example: 1-Butanol.
Carboxylic Acid (R-COOH) - Example: Pentanoic acid.
Amide (R-CO-NR) - Example: Butanamide.
Page 12: Addition Polymerization
Addition Polymers: Formed by the direct addition of monomer units.
Example: Ethylene to polyethylene.
Initiation: Begins with the breakdown of peroxides into free radicals.
Page 13: Propagation and Termination of Polymer Growth
Propagation: The process of linking monomers into long chains.
Termination: Occurs when two radicals combine, stopping the chain growth.
Page 14: Condensation Reactions in Polymerization
Loss of Small Molecules: Small molecules (often water) are released during reactions between molecules with acid and alcohol groups.
Page 15: Condensation Reaction Example
Condensation Example: Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid forming polyamide with water release.
Page 16: Amines, Amides & Polyamides
Classification of Amines: Based on the number of R groups attached to nitrogen (primary, secondary, tertiary).
Amides: Formed from reaction between amines and carboxylic acids.
Page 17: Dicarboxylic Acids and Polyamides
Example: Nylon-66 formed from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine via condensation reactions.
Page 18: Intermolecular Forces in Polymers
Dispersion Forces: Forces that hold polymer chains together, exhibiting resistance during stretching.
Page 19: Hydrogen Bonding and Fibers
Hydrogen Bonding: Aligns polymer chains into fibers, enhancing strength.
Page 20: Polymer Branching
Effects of Branching: Alters physical properties like strength and melting points in polymers such as polyethylene.
Types:
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): More rigid and strong.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE): Softer and more pliable.
Page 21: Crystallinity in Polymers
Regions of Crystallinity: Organized areas of polymer molecules provide strength.
Amorphous Regions: Random arrangements that may lead to different properties.
Page 22: Discovery of Nylon
Wallace Carothers: Developed Nylon from combining adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine.
Features of Nylon: First biomimetic material inspired by nature.
Page 23: Overview of Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic Polymer Count: Over 60,000 known; 6 types make up 75% of global use.
Types:
HDPE: Opaque bottles.
LDPE: Soft bags.
PVC: Plumbing pipes.
PS: Food wrap.
PP: Tough containers.
PETE: Beverage containers.
Page 24: Classification of Polymers
Heat Response:
Thermoplastics: Soften upon heating.
Thermosetting Plastics: Harden permanently after initial softening.
Page 25: Polyethylene Characteristics
Widely Used: High-density polyethylene has linear chains and high strength for rigidity.
Page 26: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Branched Chains: Cannot pack as tightly resulting in softer and pliable materials.
Page 27: Styrofoam Production
Creation: Polystyrene beads heated with pentane create expanded foam structure.
Page 28: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Applications
PVC Characteristics: High-strength thermoplastic used in medical devices and pipes.
Page 29: The Big Six Polymers
Overview of Properties and Uses:
Polyethylene (LDPE & HDPE): Soft, strong, used for a variety of packaging.
PVC: Rigid, used for construction materials.
PS: Clear and somewhat brittle for food containers.
PP: Tough and resistant to heat.
PETE: Transparent and used for beverage bottles.
Page 30: Rubber Composition
Natural Rubber: Poly-cis-isoprene; trans-isoprene = hard and brittle.
Cis-isoprene: Commonly synthesized today for polymer production.
Page 31: Rubber as an Elastomer
Characteristics: Does not undergo permanent change when stretched, uses sulfur cross-links for shape retention.
Page 32: The Four Rs of Recycling
Reduce: Minimize material usage.
Reuse: Utilize materials multiple times.
Recycle: Convert used items into new products.
Recover: Regenerate energy from non-recyclable materials.
Page 33: Plastic-Eating Bacteria
PETase: Bacteria capable of degrading PET for recycling efforts.
Process: Hydrolyzes PET into its monomers for growth.
Page 34: Biopolymers - Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates: Common compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (Cx(H2O)y).
Page 35: Starches in Plants
Starch Composition:
Amylose: Straight-chain, ~200 glucose units.
Amylopectin: Branched-chain, ~1000 glucose units.
Page 36: Cellulose Overview
Structure: Similar to amylose, but consists of about 280 glucose units.
Digestibility: Humans can digest starch but not cellulose.
Page 37: Amino Acids in Proteins
Linkage: Amino acids condense to form polymers linked by peptide bonds.
Polypeptides: Small amino acid polymers, defined as having < 50 units.
Proteins: Large polymers with hundreds to thousands of amino acids.
Page 38: Common Amino Acids and Structures
Lists non-polar, polar, acidic, and basic amino acids with their structures and abbreviations.
Page 39: Linking Amino Acids
Peptide Bond Formation: Two amino acids linking via dehydration reactions to form polypeptides.
Page 40: Protein Structure Types
Primary Structure: Linear sequence of amino acids.
Secondary Structure: Regions with consistent patterns (alpha-helices and beta-sheets).
Tertiary Structure: Overall 3D shape of a protein driven by interactions and bonds between side chains.
Page 41: Visualization of Secondary Structures
Alpha-Helix: Spirals formed by hydrogen bonds.
Beta-Pleated Sheet: Flat structures formed by hydrogen bonding between adjacent polypeptides.
Page 42: Tertiary Structure Example
Chymotrypsin: A globular protein demonstrating various structural elements including alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
Page 43: Nucleic Acids Overview
Nucleic Acids: Essential polymers for protein synthesis, including DNA and RNA composed of nucleotide sequences.
Page 44: DNA Fingerprinting Process
Steps:
Extract DNA from samples.
Cut DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes.
Separate fragments through gel electrophoresis to reveal band patterns.
Page 45: Thank You
Conclusion and Farewell.