Copy of 2022 Unit 4 Review Sheet.docx

Western Civ

LeFors

Unit 4: Quiz Review Sheet

Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic World

  1. What were the Philippics and how do they represent one side of the Athenian response to the Macedonian threat?

The Philippics were a series of speeches given by Demosthenes warning against Philip and suggesting that Athens raid Macedonia. This was one side of the Athenian response as there was another perspective that wanted Philip to conquer and unify Greece.

  1. What event ironically inspired a love of Greek culture within Philip of Macedon?

As a child, Philip was taken hostage and held in the city-state of Thebes. Throughout his stay in Thebes, Philip gained a love of Greek culture that he eventually brought to Macedonia upon his return.

  1. How did King Philip adapt and alter the traditional Greek military formations?

Implements a 16x8 phalanx, 18 ft spears (sarissas), and cavalry into the Greek military.

  1. Famously, upon the death of Alexander, who did he pass on his empire to?

Philip passed his empire on to “the best” as he wanted the person who truly deserved to rule to succeed him.

  1. What two items did Alexander legendarily keep underneath his pillow, perhaps showing his duality as a person?

Alexander was said to have kept the Iliad and a dagger under his pillow.

  1. The Hellenistic Era is a period known for spreading Greek culture. In what specific ways, did Greek culture spread during the time of Alexander?

During the time of Alexander, Greek culture spread through conquest and the creation of Greek city-states (poleis). Greek architecture, koine Greek (common language), Greek schools, and Greek art spread into Alexander’s empire by way of these methods.

  1. In lecture, what significant developments were described that Alexandrian Astronomists discovered?

Alexandrian Astronomists discovered that Earth is round, calculated the Earth’s circumference, suggested a Heliocentric version of the solar system, and hypothesized that planets rotate on an axis

  1. Euclid is famous for his development of what Mathematical discipline?

Euclid is famous for his development of Geometry through his book called “Elements”.

  1. How did Hellenistic sculpture change from the Classical Greek period?

Hellenisitc sculpture focused on realism while Classical Greek sculpture was centered on idealism.

  1. The most famous scientist of his era was likely Archimedes of Syracuse. What advancements was he responsible for?

Archimedes was responsible for the development of the Archiimidian screw, heat ray, Pi, water displacement theory, and the compound pulley.

  1. The philosophical school that stressed happiness through freeing oneself from a political life to pursue pleasure was…?

Epicureanism was a philosophical school that stressed happiness through freeing oneself from a political life to pursue pleasure.

  1. How did Diogenes believe man could “Free” himself and pursue happiness?

Diogenes believed that man should reject both society and religion to “free” himself and pursue happiness.

  1. What was the Stoic approach to the pursuit of happiness?

The Stoic approach to the pursuit of happiness was to accept whatever happens and move on despite that event.

  1. What evidence is there for a more “rational” approach to medicine in the Hellenistic period?

Evidence of a rational approach to medicine is Hipporcretes and his use of both dissection and vivisection.

  1. Characterize and describe the so-called “Mystery Religions” in general terms.

The so-called “Mystery Religions” had secretive initiations/religions, were expensive to join, generally only allowed men to participate (except the Cult of Isis), and offered individual salvation.

  1. What is syncretism and why did Hellenistic Jews reject it?

Syncretism was the belief that all religions are the same with the only difference being in the names of deities and other prominent figures. The Hellenistic Jews rejected this concept as they believed that Yaweh was the one true god and no other deity existed.

  1. How did the revolt of the Jew Judas Maccabeus result in the holiday Hanukkah?

The Greeks had evicted the Jewish people from the main temple in Jerusalem. Judas Maccabeus, the former priest of the Temple, eventually organizes a successful revolt that recaptured the Temple. The Jewish people believed they needed to purify the Temple as the Greeks were practicing false religions within it. In order to do so, they used a lamp that only had enough ooil to last one night. Surprisingly, it lasted for eight days. This led to Hanukkah being celebrated as a Festival of Lights that is also eight days long.

Battle of Gaugamela

  • Battle that lead to the conquering of Persia by Alexander
  • Alexander and his armies felt the most resistance when trying to conquer India.

Alexandria, Egypt

  • Gigantic lighthouse
  • A library that held much information from around the world that was later burned down by the Romans
  • The first museums were constructed in Alexandria

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