US History H Themes of the course
US History H Themes
Politics and power
America and national identity
Society and culture
Settlement and migration
America in the world
Geography and the environment
Economy: work, exchange, technology
Historical Thinking Skills
Developments and processes: Identify and explain historical developments and processes.
Sourcing and situation: Analyze sourcing and situation of primary and secondary sources.
Claims and evidence in sources: Analyze arguments in primary and secondary sources.
Contextualization: Analyze the context of historical events.
Making connections: Analyze patterns and connections.
Argumentation: Develop an argument.
Bias in Sources
Bias: A one-sided point of view.
Primary sources are more likely to be biased.
A source is biased if it shows one side or point of view more than the other, tries to convince, or relies on opinions more than facts.
A source is not biased if it's grounded in evidence, explains how and why events took place, considers multiple viewpoints, and uses credible sources.
Using biased sources:
Look for the bias as you read.
Research what others say about the source's bias.
Explain the source's bias when you write about it.
Use multiple sources.
Biased primary sources are good for papers; biased secondary sources are bad.
Pre-Columbian Americas
Pre-Columbian: Americas before European arrival (before 1491).
Native Americans: Believed to have traveled via the Bering Land Bridge as early as 33,000 BCE.
Agriculture
Native American cultures adapted to their environments.
Practiced selective breeding of plants (e.g., corn in Mexico and South America).
North American Tribes
Culturally diverse, from sedentary farming communities to nomadic tribes.
Sophisticated social structures and cultures.
Cahokia: Prominent large settlement.
Southeast: Densely populated (Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek).
Three Sister Farming: Maize, beans, and squash grown together.
Mesoamerica
Geographical region including parts of modern-day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.
Home to the Olmecs, Mayans, and Aztecs.
Olmecs
Earliest known Mesoamerican civilization.
Influenced later civilizations.
Lack of written record.
Mayan Civilization
Located in southern Mexico and Central America.
Good at engineering, math, and agriculture.
Developed accurate calendars.
Built temples.
Polytheistic.
Aztec Civilization
Located in South Central Mexico.
Capital: Tenochtitlan.
Strong government.
Conquered nearby cities.
Strong military (practiced human sacrifice).
Advanced agricultural practice supported the population.
Destroyed by Hernan Cortez and Spanish Conquistadors.
Columbian Exchange
Period of exchange of ideas, goods, and diseases between Europeans and the Americas after exploration began.
Europeans sought new routes to Asia after the fall of the Mongolian Empires and the end of the Silk Roads.
Foods: Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, tobacco.
Diseases: Led to the death of approximately 95% of Native Americans.
Culture: New ideas in the Americas, like private property, the concepts of the nuclear family, and the role of women and children in the family system.
The Good, the Bad, the Ugly of the Exchange
The Good: Foods spread, technology shared.
The Bad: Diseases spread, European colonies established, Native lands taken.
The Ugly: Led to the establishment of the African Slave trade.
Portugal and Spain
Spain and Portugal both claimed land in the Americas, leading to disputes.
Pope Alexander VI intervened to resolve tensions.
Papal Line of Demarcation(1493)
Pope divided lands between Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement between Portugal and Spain, adjusted the Papal Line of Demarcation (1494). Pope Julius II approved the changes in 1506
Encomienda System
Spanish legal system where natives were effectively enslaved to Spaniards.
Similar to feudal system.
European Colonization
France, Spain, Portugal, and England.
Spanish: First to colonize, starting in the Caribbean, then Central and South America. St. Augustine (Florida) was founded to protect Spanish goods.
Colonial Class System
Peninsulares: Spanish Ancestry
Creoles: Spanish born in the New World
Mestizos: Spanish and Indian mixture/Mulattos - Mixed euro and african
Pure Indian and african slaves
Encomienda System
Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = feudalism.
Granted to deserving subjects of the king
Conquistador controlled the Indian population.
Required Indians to pay tributes and render services
Conquistador was responsible for protecting his ward, instructing Indians in the faith, and defending their right to live off the land
Encomienda system eventually decimated indian population
Pueblo Revolt
Spanish pushed for conversion in New Mexico, leading to native revolt in 1680.
Spanish leave New Mexico for over a decade before reconquering.
Natives destroy Camden Catholic images and statues.
Other European Interests
England, France, and the Dutch Netherlands initially showed little interest in North America in the 1500s.
Dutch: Dutch West India Company established New Netherlands; Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island. Eventually lost to English (New York).
French: Concentrated on economic benefits (furs, fishing). First permanent settlement established by Samuel de Champlain at Quebec in 1608. Government did not encourage settlement (only Catholics allowed).
DID NOT WANT LAND
Joliet and Marquette map a route from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river
La Salle will reach the mouth of the Mississippi River claiming the area for France and naming it Louisiana
Vocabulary
Separatists: Opposed the Church of England; sought refuge in Holland before some sailed to the "New World."
Puritans: Seeking a pure church in the "New World."
Indentured Servants: Worked for people who paid their way to the New World. Generally, Europeans.
Enslaved: Primarily Africans brought against their will. Trans-Atlantic slave trade into the Caribbean and Americas.
The British Arrive
England experienced population growth.
Religious minorities sought refuge.
Puritans embraced Calvinism; Separatists sought refuge in Holland first.
Roanoke Colony
Sir Walker (Walter Raleigh) established a colony on Roanoke Island (North Carolina).
Colonization led by John White; Virginia Dare was the first English person born in North America.
White returned to England for supplies but was delayed for three years.
The colony was abandoned; the only traces were "CRO" and "CROATOAN" carved on trees.
The fate of the Lost Colonists is unknown.
Jamestown
In 1606, the London Company (Virginia Company) received a charter from King James I.
Purpose: establish colonies in North America.
Joint-Stock Company: Investors pool money to invest with lower risk.
In 1607, the first permanent British settlement was established in Jamestown, VA.
Diseases, drought, swampy conditions, and difficulty growing crops led to starvation (the STARVING TIME). Approximately ⅔ of the population died.
Captain John Smith was in charge of the colony.
Chapter 3
Most settlers in the Northern and Middle Colonies came for religious freedom.
Most religious dissidents were Calvinists.
Puritans
Religious separatists who wanted to purify the Church of England.
King Henry VIII aided Protestantism when he broke from the Catholic Church.
Pilgrims
Puritans who left England in 1608 and lived in Holland.
Concerned with the "Dutchification" of their children; received permission from the Virginia Company to live and work in Jamestown.
102 came to America aboard the Mayflower.
Landed in New England.
Settled on Plymouth Bay.
The Settlement was outside the domain of the Virginia company so the settlers had no permission to settle there or form a government
Mayflower Compact
Agreement where settlers submitted to the will of the majority.
A step toward self-government.
Set a precedent for local-rule by colonists.
Laid the path for democracy in America down the road.
Massachusetts Bay
The Massachusetts Bay company secured a chartered in 1629.
Non-separatists, still connected to the church of England the puritans
Centered around Boston.
Well equipped and funded.
Started off in the 1630 with 1000 settlers, a much larger scale than any other colony up to that time
Good skill and education level of colonists
Shared purpose for being there
20,000 of the 70,000 refugees leaving England during the Great Migration of the 1630s came to massachusetts Bay while most went to west indies
Did well financially in fishing and shipbuilding
Although not separatist, most people who came to settle in the early years were deeply religious puritans
The Puritan doctrine included acceptance of a covenant with God.
John Winthrop: Leader and governor.
They believed they were in a “city upon a hill” for all to see how they behaved and were treated by God.
All adult male members of the Puritans congregation could vote which was 40%. Way more then back in England
All mal property owner could vote and publicly speak out in town governments
The purpose of government is to support God’s law and enforced religious rules
Not a democracy
The Puritans in New England believed in the “Protestant ethic”, where they were seriously committed to work and worldly pursuits.
The Misfits
Roger Williams : BAnned for speaking out against the church and the government of Mass Bay. An extreme separatist who thought the government corrupt
Aided by local indians, he fled to and founded R.I. in 1636 and established the first Baptist church
Enacted complete religious freedom and tolerance for all in R.I.
Was a squatter colony with no permission or charter at first, R.I finally secured a charter in 1644 from Parliament
R.I became known as a colony for individualist and independent attitudes
Many were banned for not following the religious rules of the colony
Anne Hutchinson was banished for threatening to corrupt the colony with her views. She believed that to be truly saves they “need not bother to obey the laws of God or man” Her family while pregnant, ultimately had; killed by indians in NY
English Civil War
Starting with the rule of James I these is great turmoil in England over religion
James, who was Protestant, disregard and argued with parliament, who was mostly puritans
Eventually James’ son Charles I disbanded Parliament
However, after going to war with Scotland, he needed money and brought Parliament back so they could raise money for him
After Charles brought back them back, Parliament, refused to raise funds for him until his royal court was put on trial
They were found guilty and executed
Ultimately, parliament passes a bill declaring charles a tyrant
Charlies tried to arrest 5 members of Parliament and a civil war breaks out
The civil war lasts from 1642-1649
Cavalier– Supporters of the king
Roundheads– Supporters of Parliament
Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell was a puritan who led Parliament’s army and shortly after captures Charles
Charles was put on trial and found guilty, after which he was executed
The house of Commons abolished the house of Lords and the Monarchy, creating a republic
Cromwell became leader of the republic however in 1653 he names himself “lead protector” and disbands parliament
After which he enforces strict puritans rules
Theatres,newspaper, dancing, dueling, swearing, and taking a walk on Sunday were all made illegal
Cromwell forced catholics out of their positions of nobility in Ireland and crushed the protestant in Scotland
He became very unpopular, and upon his death parliament restored the Monarchy Naming Charles II, the son of Charles I, the new king
Trouble in England PT. 2
Parliament passed laws preventing catholics from holding public office amonst other things
James II became kings in 1685 and began placing catholics in high position
When James II wife becomes pregnant parliament becomes worried. Invite his Mary, the daughter of James II, and her husband, Prince williams of Orange(ruler of the netherlands) to become the new monarchs of England
James fledengland and william and Mary became the new co-rulers of England
Puritan Goals, Practices, and Beliefs
Sought to cleanse culture of Corrupt, sinful practices
Believed civil government should strictly enforced public morality by prohibiting vices
Wished to purge churches of every vestige of Roman catholic ritual and practices
Church had no supreme authority over God
Worship services were Simple Often long Learned sermons
Clergy expounded passages from bible
Membership was limited to the “visibly godly”
Those who lead sober, upright lives
Strict standards for admission to their churches
Each person applying for membership had to testify publicity to his/her experience of conversion
How did predestination influences the lives of the puritans?
Strove to reshape society and government to agree with the will of God
Strove to lead godly, disciplined lives
Believed mastering evil inclinations provided evidence they ranked among the “elect”
Receive salvation through God’s mercy
Leading godly, moral life was an encouraging sign of receiving the grace of God, thus salvation
But behavior was not the cause of their salvation
Gaining greater reassurance of salvation was important
The New Englanders and the World of Wonder
Both the ordinary and the educated believed in:
Witches
Power of satan to assume visible form
Strange prodigies
Monstrous births
Miraculous deliverance
Salem Politics
Salem town vs. Salem village:
Putnam’s wanted to separate from the salem town
Established their own congregations
Under the Rev. Samuel Parris, putnam’s began own meetings
Over half of the congregation was purnam’s
Caused strain among members
Rev. Samuel Parris
Forced to rely solely on volunteer contributions
Because a fraction denied paying him any money due to the “perks” he was receiving from the Puritan’s
Eventually, fraction would demand to be separate from Putnam’s congregation (unsuccessful)
Puritan playtime
Rev. Parris opposed any games
Fears that idleness would allow the devil to enter hearts
Reading was a popular pastime
Bible, books about witch craft prophecy and fortune telling
Children would practice the incantations and divinations for fun
Puritan definition:
Entering into compact with devil in exchange for certain powers do evil
Was a sin because it denied God’s superiority
Was a crime because the witch could call up the devil to perform cruel acrs against others
The determinant:
Often, the slaves would be asked to make witch cakes
Made of rye meal
Mixed with urine of the afflicted
Fed to a dog
If dog displays, then they were bewitched
The accused
A group of girls caught dancing in the woods with Tituba, a slave
They feign sickness and possession
Among the group
Daughter of Rev. Parris
Daughter of Tomas and Anne Putnam
WHp demands the possessors be found and punished
The First Hangings
End of 1692, over 200 people jailed and standing accused of witchcraft
Bridget Bishop Found puppets with missing head in her home.
Sarah Good, Sarah Wilds, Elizabeth How, Susannah Martin and Rebecca Nurse Nurse states to Rev. Nayes, “I am no more a witch then you are a wizard”
George Burroughs Able to recite the Lord’s prayer.
John Proctor, George Jacobs
The Madness Begins to Die
Eventually, towns begin to question validity of trials and girls accusations
Began when people of good standing in community aare put to death
George Burroughs prayers
Mary Easty’s letter
Giles Corey’s refusal to stand trial
Giles Corey – Is crushed to death and says “more weight” when he dies.
Mary Easty – Writes letter to court demanding innocence and questioning girls authority over court
Mather states, “It were better that ten suspected witches should escape than that one innocent person should be dissolved”
Last trial was held in January 1693
Total – 19 people were hung and one crushed to death
The Aftermath
The few remaining –
Many left in jail because they could not afford to pay fines to be released
Crops, fields, livestock, homes, meeting house all fell, due to abandonment
Many felt that God was punishing them for executing innocent people
Joseph Green – Once Rev. Parris is thrown out of Salem, Green manages to bring everyone back together
The accused sat down with accuser
Many were excommunicated, many returned to the church.
New England Colonies
Massachusetts was made a Royal colony in 1691
All male property owners could now vote, instead of just church members as before
The Navigations laws were weakly enforced after the glorious Rev, during another and longer period of salutary neglect.
New York
The dutch founded the colony of New Netherlands along the hudson river in (what would be called later) New York with its capital at New Amsterdam
Made decent profits in fur trading, but the colony was a sideshow compared to the dutch east india company’s enterprise in Southeast Asia
1664 – New Amsterdam (N.Y.C.) surrendered to a large English fleet without a shot being fired
England now controlled America from Maine to the Carolines with no foriegn menacing colonies in between
Pennsylvania
Founded in 1681
Settled by quakers, who wanted to be left alone after persecution in England
William Penn was given the enormous land grant as payment of a debt owed by the king to his father
Advertised to many nations and recruiters attracted farmer, masons, shoemakers, carpenters, and other manuel labors
Of all the advertisements to the new world, those to PA were the most truthful
Philadelphia - first planned city since ancient times with whale oil lamps, wide streets, parks, etc.
The Queaker negotiated with and brought a lot of land from indians in Pennsylvania and revelations were friendly for the early settlement period
A representative assembly (government) was elected by the landowners
Separation of church and state
Very tolerant of many faiths besides quakers
Quakers unpopular in England because they refused to do military service A rich mix of ethnic groups
New Jersey
Originally claimed by henry hudson on behalf of the dutch and called New Netherlands
Eventually was taken by the british
Was granted to 2 noble proprietors by the Duke of York
East Jersey - sir George carteret West Jersey Lord John Berkley
Many New Englanders and other ethnic groups flocked to NJ because the land wa cheap
In 17 02 east and west jersey were combined into one New Jersey colony
Eventually england took the colony back and combined it with New York until in 1738 when it got its own royal governor
Delaware
Granted its own assembly by the king in 1703
The Middle Colonies
NY, NJ, Delaware, and Pennsylvania
The soil was fertile and the size of the colonies was generally large
The “bread colonies” because of their exports of grain
Blessed by large rivers like the hudson, Susquehanna, and Delaware that made traveling inland easier easier and exploitation of the fur trade possible
Several large seaports: NY, Philadelphia, Albany
Midway between the southern colonies and New England in location, but also in politics, aristocracy, average farm size, industry, etc
An ethnically mixed society of many nationalities
The most American of all the colonies.
Disease ravaged the people in the Chesapeake
Low life expectancy
The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 18oos and mostly from new immigrants from Europe, not natural birth
Most immigrants were single men
BY the early 1700s many more families had taken hold and illness became less frequent
In 1619 slaves first introduced in Jamestown
By the 1670 slavery was only a small % Reason few slaves who might dies soon after
Definition Triangular Trade:
Trade routes between africa, Europe and the Americas during the atlantic slave trade Spain Portugal, and Spain
They needed slaves to work in their plantations in South America, the Caribbean, and North America
Britain was given control over much of Slave trade had a monopoly
Why did the trade take off?
Improved economic conditions in England
Lack of Indentured servants Introductions of Rice and indigo to the carolinas
Swelling demands for labor
Bacon’s Rebellion
All of these combined to create a labor need in the colonies in the late 1600s
The British had already been importing slaves since 1619, but with this they increased their importation
Leg One: The Outward Passage
Ships ;eft Europe loaded with guns, tools, textiles, (manufactured goods) Crews with guns went ashore to capture slaves and purchase slaves from tribal leaders.
Slaves were obtained by:
Kidnapping, Trading, Tributes, People in debt, Criminals, Prisoners of tribal wars,
Forced Participation
African chiefs resisted in the beginning but needed weapons for defense
If chiefs did not supply slave, they were threatened to be taken as slaves
Slaves were held in prisons along the west coast of Africa. They were waiting to put on slaves ships those put on slaves ships
Those that journeyed from the interior and were not fit for the ship were left on the shores to die
Leg Two: The Middle Passage voyages from Africa to Americas
Ships sailed across the Atlantic ocean from Africa to America, carrying slaves and gold Journey took 5-12 weeks Disgusting conditions
Some Afrcians tried to jump ship, refused to eat and rebelled
Loss of Slave’s life = loss of $ for sailors.
Loose packing: Captains took fewer slaves in hope to reduce sickness and death.
Tight packing: Captains carried as many slaves as their ship could hold many died on voyage
Leg three: The Homeward Passage African sold at auctions in Americas
Money from sale would buy cargo of raw materials: Cartoon, sugar, spices, rum, chocolate or tobacco IN europe, converted raw materials into finished products. Auctions American born slaves who had skills were most expensive
African born slaves were less $, as they had to be “broken in” Age, sex, and skills determined cost S;aves with many scars considered too rebellious 3 ways: public. private , or scramble
Slavery Abolished in British Empire
1807 = slave trade abolished in British Empire > no slaves carried from africa in British ships
1834 = emancipation Act: slaves under 6yrs. Old freed; fields over 6 worked for 6 years; house slaves worked 10 more years
Britain gave 20 million pounds in compensation to former slaves owners (slaves received nothing
1838 all slaves given complete freedom
Slavery in USA not abolished until 1865
As slaves increased, white colonists acted to put down any possib;e racial threat
“Slave codes” were adopted, setting strict conditions of slavery
Blacks(and their children) became property (:chattels) for the life of their white masters
Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write.
Even conversion to christianity did not qualify a slave for freedom
Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were few of them
In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred which 12 whites were killed and 21 blacks were executed as revenge.
In 1739, the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina occurred
Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish Florida and freedom but were stopped by white militia
Southern Society
What was the social hierarchy in the southern colonies?
At the top were rich plantation owners with large tracts of land
Second were the small landowners who owned one or two slaves (these were the majority of colonist)Third were the poor, non landowning, non-slave owning whites who worked for other whites
Fourth were indentured servants
Black slaves were at the lowest level
Southern society revolved around the plantation so few cities developed An urban professional class ( like lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge.
Poor roads meant that most transportation was done over waterways
New England enjoyed a much healthier climate than the south.
NE v S
Clean water and cool temperatures stopped the growth of disease Better transportation system because of better roads and navigable water ways
New Enlanders grew from natural reproduction.
Early marriage and women had children every 2 years until menopause
The typical women would have 10 children (with 8 surviving past infancy)
Many women died during childbirth and women came to fear pregnancy
Southern women’s rights were more advanced because men frequently died young and there was fewer then them Women in the south in the south were allowed to keep separates rights to properly and to inherit their husband’s estate
New England women gave up property rights upon marriage
Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and women Widows had rights to property Life in the New England Towns Towns with over 50 families were required to provide an elementary education
½ adult were literate in New England In 1636, Havard College was established to train local boys for the ministry The first college was not established in Virginia until 1693 New England Differences with South
NE DIfferences v S
Difficult farming because of rocky soil Back-breaking work shaped strong character climate led to diversified agriculture and industry, instead of relying on a few staple crops Mostly small farms due to geography, Less ethnically diverse
Harbors for shipping and harbors
Because slavery was not profitable on small farms the colonists relied less on slave labor
Most immigrants colonist were middle class Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe and the Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions
Society much more egalitarian than Europe, Especially northern and middle colonies
Rebellions of lower classes against upper class occurred, such as Bacon’s rebellion.Mary Protestant rebellion, Leister’s Rebellion Parts we missed Enslavement in the New World
Slavery was not profitable on small farms the colonists relied less on slave labor Most immigrants colonist were middle class Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe
Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions Society much more egalitarian than Europe, Especially northern and middle colonies Rebellions of lower classes against upper class occurred, such as Bacon. Protestant rebellion, Leister’s Rebellion
Enslavement Numbers:
By 19th century, roughly ⅓ of the entire black population lived in the south Contrary to pop culture, most owners had fewer than 50 enslaved people. Only about ⅕ Increase in population in America in 1700s
400,000 were immigrants; an additional 400,00 were black slaves
The rest was due to the natural fertility of Americans; colonists doubled their numbers every 25 years
America as a melting pot Germans
Agriculutre
90% of the colonist were involved In the chesapeake, mainly tobacco and some wheat
In the middle colonies, primarily grain was grown
Americans enjoy a higher standard of living because of Agriculture than any other people in history before
Fishing (including whaling) Principally in New England
Stimulated shipbuilding Served as training for future navy. Raw materials taken to europe Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Rum, beaver hats, iron forges, households. manufacturing , carpentryLumbering was the most import single manufacturing activity for shipbuilding
Religion
Two “established: (tax-supported) churches in 1775 — Anglican and Congregational Considerable part of population did no worship at any church In those colonies that had an established religion only a minority of people belonged to that church The anglican and congregationalists Elements of Great Awakening Enthusiasm Itnerancy; the traveling preachers and open air revival Old lights vs New Lights A socially leveling force Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefeild
The great awakening began in 1734 in Massachusetts with Jonathan Edwards used brutal doctrines to catch people’s attention
In 1738 George Whitefield became prominent Used speaking skills to reach people
Consequences
Political: diversity in religious opinion translated into diversity in political thought
Socially: The great awakening was an anti-hierarchical, anti elitist movement
Denominationally: the movement led to the birth of man new religious group (Baptists, methodists, Episcopal) and prevented a monopoly of religious power from resisting within one particular faith
INfluences of the Enlightenment believed reason was key to understanding the universe
Concept of Natural Law Understanding Nature’s laws could lead to improvement in society As Deists, they questioned the established religious practices and doctrines of their era By the mid 1700s, religion less fervent than in the 1600s:
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Important wars
Fro 1756 t 1763 th seve year ’ war wa fough i Europ , Ais . philippine , afric , an th ocea Alban Conferenc
IN 1754, ENglan calle a intercolonia conferenc whic becam know a th alban conferenc Onl 7 of 13 colonie cam A resu of th Alban Cnngres
Alban delegate adopte pla for unit Pla wa rejecte b th individua colonie an b th Britis governmen
Impact of French Revolution on the colonies
Washington's new presidency now commanded new respect, but antifederalists criticized the government’s use of a giant to crush a gnat In 1793, he issued the neutrality Proclamation.. Proclaiming the U.S’s official neutrality and warning americans to stay out of the issue and be impartial
Foreign Conflicts
Great Britain Occupation of the west…still Impressment of Sailors Spain Restricted american use of the Mississippi River Native Amreicans Conflicted over settlers moving west Battle of Fallen Timbers Embroilments With Britain
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