LIN101: November 12th

Quiz 2: Completed; review in next week's class.
Homework 4: Due today at midnight (focus on phonological rules and derivations).
Morphology Unit: Start today, consists of two lectures; Quiz 3 scheduled for November 25th.
Final Exam: Scheduled for December 11th; guidance available for conflicts.

Definition: Morphology involves the study of words, their inner structure, and how they are formed.
Relation to Other Linguistic Areas:
- Phonology: sounds combine to form syllables and words.
- Syntax: words combine into sentences.
- Key Position: Words exist at the intersection of phonology and syntax.

Issue with Definition: The definition of a word varies depending on the linguistic discipline (syntax, morphology, phonology).
Orthographic Definition Limitations: Not applicable to languages without literal writing systems or different spacing conventions.
Proposed Definition: "The smallest separable unit in language."
Criteria for Being Separable:
- Syntactic Independence: Must be capable of standing alone and functioning in sentences.
- Example: "What do you like to eat? Apples."
- Parts of the Word: "Apples" can be divided into "apple" and "-s"; however, "-s" cannot stand alone.

Definition: The smallest unit that can bear meaning or serve a grammatical function.
Types of Morphemes:
- Free Morphemes: Can stand alone as words.
- Bound Morphemes: Cannot stand alone and require attachment to bases (e.g., prefixes, suffixes).

Morphologically Simple: Words with only one morpheme (e.g., "house").
Morphologically Complex: Words with multiple morphemes (e.g., "non-renewability").
Example of Complex Word:
- "Iglujjualiuqtuq": iglu (house) + -jjua (big) + -liu (make) + -lauq (distant past) + -tuq (declarative).

Affixes: Morphemes that cannot stand alone; undergo attachment to bases to convey meaning.
Types of Affixes:
- Prefixes: Attach before a base (e.g., "inter-").
- Suffixes: Attach after (e.g., "-y").
- Infixes: Inserted within a word.
- Circumfixes: Attach around a base.
- Simultaneous Affixes: Occur at the same time as the base.

Internal Change: Refers to altering the internal structure of root words to convey different meanings (e.g., plural forms in German).
Suppletion: Exchange of forms within roots (e.g., good vs. better).
Reduplication: Replication of parts of words to indicate modification or intensity (e.g., ki-néz-ett becoming ki-ki-néz-ett).

Classification of Languages:
- Isolating: All words are morphologically simple.
- Fusional/Agglutinative: Combine multiple meanings in a single affix.
- Synthetic: High complexity in meaning through identifiable affixes (e.g., Turkish).

Definition: Variants of morphemes that share a consistent meaning or function but exhibit different forms based on context.
- Examples:
  - a/an for articles.
  - child/children for plural forms based on morphological rules.

Definition: Parts of speech categorized traditionally by meaning but observed more accurately through distributional patterns.
- Tests for Nouns: Function and modification capability.
- Tests for Verbs: Auxiliary compatibility and form variations.
- Tests for Adjectives: Modification and form endings.
- Tests for Adverbs: Modifying capacity for verbs and adjectives.

Definition: Morphemes that influence the category of words based on attachment.
Characteristics:
- Derivational morphemes select specific categories and are selective in function.
- Compounds can possess multiple derivational affixes, with varying implications on order and selection.

Summary: This lecture covered the fundamental aspects of morphology, focusing on the structure of words, types of morphemes, their functions, and the complexities of language across examples and classifications.