Industrialization and Economic Development Notes

• Unit Overview

  • Great Britain as the hearth of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century

  • Industrialization led to increased agricultural productivity, population growth, and wealth

  • Industrialization spread globally in the past two centuries

• Measures of Development

  • Statistical measures developed to capture societal changes since the Industrial Revolution:

  • Total country output

  • Income distribution

  • Birth rates

  • Literacy rates

  • Opportunities for genders

• Variations in Development and World Economy

  • Industrialization increased trade and interdependence

  • Some enjoyed improved standards of living, while others lost jobs

  • Emergence of an international division of labor

  • Environmental damages led to sustainability movements

• Enduring Understandings

  • SPS-7: Industrialization improves living standards but increases geographic inequality.

  • PS0-7: Economic and social development occur variably across geographies.

  • IMP-7: Environmental impacts from industrialization necessitate sustainable strategies.

• Chapter 18: Industrialization and Economic Development

  • Topic 7.1: The Industrial Revolution

  • Explains industrial activity facilitated social and economic changes

  • Topic 7.2: Economic Sectors and Patterns

  • Spatial patterns of industrial production

  • Topic 7.3: Measures of Development

  • Describes social and economic development metrics

  • Topic 7.4: Women and Economic Development

  • Changes in gender parity resulting from economic development

Chapter 18: Industrial Revolution

• Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution enable industrial growth?

  • Industry involves converting raw materials into goods, driving changes across dimensions:

  • Social

  • Political

  • Economic

• Before 18th Century

  • Cottage industries prevalent, relying on labor-intensive techniques

  • Shift to factory production with the Industrial Revolution

• Growth and Diffusion

  • Technological advances led to faster production and capital investment

  • Shift from cottage to factory productions reshaped urban living

• Manufacturing Changes

  • Comparison of characteristics between cottage industry and factory manufacturing:

    • Production scale: Small vs. Large

    • Labor force: One family vs. Thousands

    • Production speed: Slow vs. Fast

    • Efficiency: Low vs. High

• Urban Growth and Class Changes

  • Urbanization due to factory jobs and exploitation of labor

  • Significant changes in class dynamics:

  • Elite landowners, growing middle class, and disadvantaged workers

• Physical Changes in Cities

  • Cities expanded outward and upward, leading to new urban planning needs.

• Colonialism and Imperialism

  • Industrial Revolution fueled imperialism, impacting both core and periphery nations

Chapter 19: Development and Trade

• Theories of Development

  • Discusses perspectives on global wealth discrepancies

  • Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

  • Five stages of economic progression adopted by all countries aiming at progress.

  • Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

  • Sees nations interconnected through economic dependency models dividing countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery statuses.

Chapter 20: Changing Global Economy and Sustainability

• Globalization

  • Increase in interconnectedness transforming economic landscapes

  • Economic Restructuring

  • New international division of labor affects job distribution

  • Nature of Growth

  • Globalization leads to rising consumer goods availability but risks local job losses

• Sustainable Development

  • Principles of sustainability intersect economic growth with environmental preservation.

  • UN Sustainable Development Goals aim to balance human and economic needs.

Summary of Key Concepts

• Industrialization, economic measures, globalization, and sustainability remain interlinked across geographic spaces.

• Social and economic class dynamics shifted significantly with the onset of industrial practices.

• Development theories provide frameworks for understanding global economic disparities and relationships.