Study guild Bio
Cladistics is a method of classifying animals and plants based on their relationships
Converge means to come together, to meet at a point
Diverge means to separate from another route
Homologous vs Analogous
Homologous structures - Similarities due to common ancestor. Will have the same tissue but in different forms. Ex) Scales and feathers
Analogous - function similarly because of adaptations to similar conditions. Ex) Fish fins and dolphin fins
Convergent vs Divergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution - The accumulation of differences in species overtime that result in the formation of new species.
Subspecies - populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations
Convergent Evolution - Similarities evolve in organisms not closely related to one another; often due to similar habitats.
Cladograms are used to
Categorize organisms based on evolutonary relationships (phylogeny).
In other words… determine who is related to who and where did we come from…
Grouping on Cladograms
Organisms are grouped together based on their shared derived characteristics (trait modified from the ancestral trait).
Species B and C each have characteristics that are unique only to them.
But they also share some part of their history with species A. This shared history is the shared history.
Clade
Represents a group of organisms that come from a common ancestor .
If you cut a branch of the tree, you could remove all the organisms that make up a clade .
What conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between humans and chimps?
The conclusions that can be drawn about the relationship between humans and chimpanzees are that they all come from a common ancestor, they are on the same clade (branch), and humans are older then chimpanzees.
What conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between pigeons and chimps?
The conclusions that can be drawn from the relationship between pigeons and chimps is that theyre all on the same clade, they both have an common ancestor, and only the chimpanzee is a mammal in this case, while the pigeons have feathers.
Group Practice
Question 1
By reference to the tree to the right, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships?
a) A crocodile is more closely related to a lizard than to a bird False
b) A crocodile is more closely related to a bird than to a lizard
c) A crocodile is equally related to a lizard and a bird False
d.)A crocodile is related to a lizard, but is not related to a bird. By reference to the tree to the right, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships? False
Question 2
By reference to the tree to the right, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships?
a) A seal is more closely related to a horse than to a whale
b) A seal is more closely related to a whale than to a horse
c) A seal is equally related to a horse and a whale
d) A seal is related to a whale, but is not related to a horse
Question 3
Which of the five marks in the tree to below corresponds to the most
recent common ancestor of a mushroom and a sponge? D
Question 4
In the tree assume that the ancestor had a long tail, ear flaps, external testes, and fixed claws. Based on the tree and assuming that all evolutionary changes in these traits are shown, what traits does a sea lion have?
a) long tail, ear flaps, external testes, and fixed claws
b) short tail, no ear flaps, external testes, and fixed claws
c) short tail, no ear flaps, abdominal testes, and fixed
claws
d) short tail, ear flaps, abdominal testes, and fixed claws
e) long tail, ear flaps, abdominal testes, and retractable claws
Question 5
In the tree to the right, assume that the ancestor was a herb (not a tree) without leaves or seeds. Based on the tree and assuming that all evolutionary changes in these traits are shown, which of the tips has a tree habit and lacks true leaves?
Lepidodendron
Clubmoss
Oak
Psilotum
Fern
Exit Ticket
What is the purpose of using a cladogram?
Cladogram are valuable tools in biology for studying the evolutionary history and relationships of organisms, allowing scientists to reconstruct and analyze the complex processes of evolution that have shaped life on our planet.
By reference to the tree below, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships?
A green alga is more closely related to a red alga than to a moss
A green alga is more closely related to a moss than to a red algae
A green alga is equally related to a red alga and a moss
A green alga is related to a red alga, but is not related to a moss
All ecosystems are made up of living and nonliving components.
Biotic factors are living things, such as animals or plants.
Abiotic factors are nonliving things, such as moisture, or temperature.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth.
Less than 1% is actually used by organisms on Earth.
Energy flows through ecosystems from producers to consumers.
What is a producer?
It makes its own food .
What is a consumer?
Get food by eating producers or other consumers.
Producers
Can also be called autotrophs .
“Troph” means nourishment .
“Auto” means self.
Look at it as a “self-feeder
Producers often contain chlorophyll and can use energy directly from the sun.
Examples: plants, algae, some protists , and some bacteria!
Review Niche of the Producer
What is a niche?
It is the “role/job” of an organism in the environment.
Niche of a producer is:
Captures and transforms energy into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms.
May be a photoautotroph using light energy (means it gets energy from the sun)
May be chemoautotroph using chemical energy
Photoautotroph
Is a producer that captures energy from the sun by:
photosynthesis
Adds oxygen to the atmosphere
Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Chemoautotrophs
Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide.
This process is called chemosynthesis .
Often occurs in deep- sea vents or guts of animals.
Consumers
Can also be called heterotrophs .
“Hetero” means different
Look at it as an organism that eats “different types of food”
Eat other organisms to obtain energy
Types of Consumers
Herbivores – eat only plants
Carnivores – eat only animals
Omnivores – eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores – eat detritus, or dead organic matter.
Decomposer – are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds.
Consumer Terminology
Consumers that eat producers to get energy are what we call primary consumers.
In other words they are herbivores.
Most of the energy will be used up by the consumer (herbivore).
A consumer that eats another consumer is called a secondary consumer.
Or they may be called predators or scavengers.
A consumer that eats another consumer that already ate a consumer is what we call a tertiary consumer.
This could be a carnivore, omnivore, predator, or scavenger.
Small Group Practice
Energy pyramids show the loss of energy through an ecosystem
4th trophic level = Tertiary consumer
3rd trophic level = Secondary Consumers
2nd trophic level = Primary Consumers
1st trophic level = Producers
Arrange the following term on the appropriate level of the pyramid (Acorn, Coyote, Crow, Squirrel)
Level 1 Acorn
Level 2 Squirrel
Level 3 Crow
Level 4 Coyote
Arrange the following term on the appropriate level of the pyramid (Phytoplankton, Shark, Shrimp, Snapper)
Level 1 Phtoplankton
Level 2 Snapper
Level 3 Shrimp
Level 4 Shark
Identify the organisms in the image:
Grass is producer/autotroph
Zebras (grass eaters ) are primary consumers
Lions (zebra eaters) are secondary consumers
Use the picture to answer the following questions
There are more producers than there are primary consumers.
Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers/ heterotrophs
Organisms that make their own food are called producers or autotrophs
Moss is a producer.
Grub is a primary consumer.
Snakes are tertiary consumer.
The hawk is a quaternary consumer.
Producers are organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources. These organisms are also called autotrophs.
Consumers are organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms. These organisms are also called heterotrophs.
Why are producers important to an ecosystem?
Producers are important to an ecosystem because they provide the necessities.
What is the difference between a consumer and a producer?
The difference between a consumer and a producer is that a consumer lives off eating other organisms while producers make its own food for themselves and other organisms.
Vocabulary
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food
Heterotrophs are organisms that must consume other organisms to get food
Herbivores is an organism that consumes only plant material for food
Carnivore is an animal that eats a diet mainly consisting of meat, whether it comes from live animals or dead ones
Guided Notes
Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction .
From producers to consumers.
Transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers is called a food chain.
Food chains:
Is a linear sequence that links species by their feeding relationships
Simple energy path through an ecosystem
Food Chain organization levels
Trophic levels:
Levels of nourishment in a food chain.
Example: producer-herbivore-carnivore has 3 trophic levels.
Carnivores are the highest level.
Producers are the first of a trophic level (where energy enters the system)
Energy flows up the food chain from lowest to highest trophic level.
Trophic levels (More review…):
Primary consumers are herbivores (first consumer above a producer)!
Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores!
Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
Omnivores may be listed at different positions in a food chain.
Example: If you eat a salad, it is producer - omnivore
Feeding Relationships
Food webs:
Are a model that show the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem.
More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food chains!
Discussion Questions:
Using the image answers the following questions
Identify 3 Relationships in this Food Web
Predator , Herbivore , Decompostion
Which predators would be impacted by the loss of the frog? The snake and the owl
What would happen to the snake population if the hawk was no longer part of the ecosystem? If the hawk were no longer part of the ecosystem, the snake population would likely increase because they would no longer be preyed upon by the hawk. This could disrupt the balance if the increased snake predation impacts the rabbit population, which is preyed upon by the snakes.
Where does all of the energy in this system come from?
What organism in this system has the most energy? The least? Grass has the most energy while the hawk has the least amount of energy.
Independent Practice:
Use the images to answer the questions
Which organism is at the highest trophic level on this pyramid? Bear
Where does all the energy in this ecosystem come from? Comes form the sun
Which organism in this pyramid has the most energy? The least? Bear
Which predator may be impacted most by the loss of the keystone species, salmon? Explain your reasoning.The bear would be most impacted by the loss of salmon, a keystone species in this ecosystem. Salmon are crucial for bears' nutrition, particularly during spawning seasons in rivers. If salmon populations decline, bears would lose a vital food source, potentially leading to reduced bear populations and impacting ecosystem processes like seed dispersal and nutrient cycling.
How might an increase in the herring population affect the emperor penguin population? An increase in the herring population could indirectly impact emperor penguins by supporting larger populations of seal predators, which could lead to increased predation pressure on penguins due to more available food for seals.
Suppose the killer whale population is significantly reduced by disease. How might this affect the leopard seal population?A significant reduction in the killer whale population would likely cause an increase in leopard seal numbers due to reduced predation, potentially leading to disruptions in the ecosystem’s balance and altering competitive dynamics among predator species.
Exit Ticket
How might a decrease in the hyena population impact this food web?A decrease in the hyena population could reduce scavenging activity and disrupt nutrient recycling in the ecosystem. Additionally, the decline in hyenas could impact herbivore populations like zebras and wildebeest, potentially affecting vegetation dynamics and other predator populations in the food web.
What organism is at the highest trophic level in this food web? lion
All ecosystems are made up of living and nonliving components.
Biotic factors are living things, such as animals or plants.
Abiotic factors are nonliving things, such as moisture, or temperature.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth.
Less than 1% is actually used by organisms on Earth.
Energy flows through ecosystems from producers to consumers.
What is a producer?
It makes its own food .
What is a consumer?
Get food by eating producers or other consumers.
Producers
Can also be called autotrophs .
“Troph” means nourishment .
“Auto” means self.
Look at it as a “self-feeder
Producers often contain chlorophyll and can use energy directly from the sun.
Examples: plants, algae, some protists , and some bacteria!
Review Niche of the Producer
What is a niche?
It is the “role/job” of an organism in the environment.
Niche of a producer is:
Captures and transforms energy into organic, stored energy for the use of living organisms.
May be a photoautotroph using light energy (means it gets energy from the sun)
May be chemoautotroph using chemical energy
Photoautotroph
Is a producer that captures energy from the sun by:
photosynthesis
Adds oxygen to the atmosphere
Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Chemoautotrophs
Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide.
This process is called chemosynthesis .
Often occurs in deep- sea vents or guts of animals.
Consumers
Can also be called heterotrophs .
“Hetero” means different
Look at it as an organism that eats “different types of food”
Eat other organisms to obtain energy
Types of Consumers
Herbivores – eat only plants
Carnivores – eat only animals
Omnivores – eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores – eat detritus, or dead organic matter.
Decomposer – are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds.
Consumer Terminology
Consumers that eat producers to get energy are what we call primary consumers.
In other words they are herbivores.
Most of the energy will be used up by the consumer (herbivore).
A consumer that eats another consumer is called a secondary consumer.
Or they may be called predators or scavengers.
A consumer that eats another consumer that already ate a consumer is what we call a tertiary consumer.
This could be a carnivore, omnivore, predator, or scavenger.
Small Group Practice
Energy pyramids show the loss of energy through an ecosystem
4th trophic level = Tertiary consumer
3rd trophic level = Secondary Consumers
2nd trophic level = Primary Consumers
1st trophic level = Producers
Arrange the following term on the appropriate level of the pyramid (Acorn, Coyote, Crow, Squirrel)
Level 1 Acorn
Level 2 Squirrel
Level 3 Crow
Level 4 Coyote
Arrange the following term on the appropriate level of the pyramid (Phytoplankton, Shark, Shrimp, Snapper)
Level 1 Phtoplankton
Level 2 Snapper
Level 3 Shrimp
Level 4 Shark
Identify the organisms in the image:
Grass is producer/autotroph
Zebras (grass eaters ) are primary consumers
Lions (zebra eaters) are secondary consumers
Use the picture to answer the following questions
There are more producers than there are primary consumers.
Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers/ heterotrophs
Organisms that make their own food are called producers or autotrophs
Moss is a producer.
Grub is a primary consumer.
Snakes are tertiary consumer.
The hawk is a quaternary consumer.
Exit Ticket
Main Idea. Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Complete the following sentences with the correct term.
Autotrophs Eating Nonliving
Consumers Heterotrophs Producers
Producers are organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources. These organisms are also called autotrophs.
Consumers are organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms. These organisms are also called heterotrophs.
Ecological Pyramids
Is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web.
Can be represented in three forms:
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
Energy Pyramid
Another way of showing the transfer of energy.
Compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels.
Illustrates how available energy is distributed among the trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Very large base with smaller sections at the top
Loss of Available Energy
Energy comes from sunlight
We use energy for movement, digestion, and growth
So when we look at how energy becomes available or is lost, we have to define biomass
Is a measure of the total dry mass of organism in a given area.
When a consumer eats a producer, a great amount of energy is lost as heat and waste!
The loss of energy between trophic levels can be as great as 90 %.
This means only 10% is left to transfer from one trophic level to the next.
Biomass Pyramid
Compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem
Provides a picture of the mass of producers needed to support primary consumers, the mass of primary consumers to support secondary consumers, and so on…
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem
Effective in showing the vast numbers of producers required to support even a few top level consumers
Discussion Questions:
What is represented by an energy pyramid? The flow of energy to one trophic level to the next. This is represented in percentages or unit of energy. 90% is lost as heat ir waste between each trophic level.
What is represented by a biomass pyramid? The total mass of the organisms in each trophic level. Remember there will always be a unit.
What is represented by a pyramid of numbers?Pyramid of numbers shows the total number of organisms each trophic level.
Which trophic level contains the most energy?The first trophic level (producers)
What happens to most energy at each trophic level? The energy is lost in the form of heat and waste.
Which sequence correctly describes the flow of energy between organisms in the marine food web?
From seals to penguins to krill
From whales to krill to small fish
From sea birds to seals to penguins
From small fish to penguins to seals
What kind of pyramid is represented below?
Pyramid of numbers
What kind of pyramid is represented below? Energy pyramid
What kind of pyramid is represented below? Biomass pyramid
What kind of pyramid is represented below? Energy pyramid
What kind of pyramid is represented below? Pyramid of Numbers
