EDU 703 - Modern Educational Practices - Part B: Educational Technology
Educational Technology
Part B: Educational Technology
Combination of two terms: Education + Technology.
Education:
Process of bringing up or leading out the inherent potentialities from the pupil.
Process by which knowledge, skills, and attitudes are transmitted to members of society.
Technology: Techniques and technical contrivances that enhance a process.
It is a systematic way of applying techniques to achieve an objective.
Educational Technology Defined
Systematic application of technology in the field of education.
According to G.O.M. Leith: Educational Technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning and the conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning.
Concept of Educational Technology
Wider term, more than the sum of its parts.
Comprises:
Technology in Education
Technology of Education
Technology in Education
Use of Audio-Visual Aids in education.
Use of hardware in education.
Technology of Education
Use of techniques and methodologies of teaching and learning.
Software aspect.
Meaning of Educational Technology
A system of 5M's:
Machines
Materials
Men
Media
Methods
Works together for the fulfillment of specific educational objectives.
Meaning of ET (Educational Technology)
ET connotes three meanings:
ET 1
ET 2
ET 3
ET 1
Refers to the application of Physical Science and Engineering Technology for instructional purposes.
HARDWARE APPROACH
ET 2
Refers to the application of scientific principles to instruction. (Psychological Theories).
SOFTWARE APPROACH
ET 3
Modern view of educational technology.
Incorporates ET 1 and ET 2.
SYSTEM APPROACH
Nature and Characteristics of ET
Application of scientific principles to education.
Stresses the development of methods and techniques for effective teaching-learning.
Emphasizes designing measuring instruments for testing learning outcomes.
Involves input, output, and process aspects of education.
Not synonymous with the use of audio-visual aids.
Comprehensive term, not viewed in terms of its parts or processes.
Includes instructional technology, teaching technology, programmed learning, micro-teaching etc.
Includes instructional design, audiovisual media, learning process, teaching strategies, and evaluation techniques.
Significance of Educational Technology
Helps to release the teacher from the routine role of information giving.
More time for planning, arranging, and evaluating learning experiences and outcomes.
Creation of multi-media learning environments in classrooms.
Involvement of maximum senses.
Utilises maxims of teaching:
Proceed from known to unknown.
Proceed from simple to complex.
Proceed from easy to difficult.
Proceed from concrete to abstract.
Proceed from particular to general.
Attention compellers.
Motivating force.
Reduce verbalism and monotonous teaching.
Helps in clarifying concepts.
Substitute for direct experience.
Meets inadequate resources.
Develops scientific attitude.
Helps in better learning and retention.
Makes teaching learning attractive, inspirational and effective.
Cater to individual differences of students.
Principles of Educational Technology
Principle of Purposiveness
Principle of Economy
Principle of Ease in the use of an aid
Principle of Availability
Principle of Simplicity
Principle of Stimulation
Principle of Self-preparation
Audio-Visual Aids
Materials that help to make learning experiences clear and vivid by appealing to these senses.
The effective application of such technology is audio-visual technology.
Also known as:
Educational communication technology
Audio visual media
Learning resource
Instructional or educational media
Multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual.
Planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the pupil; quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.
According to Edgar Dale: "audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped".
Psychology of using A-V aids
I hear and I forget.
I see and I remember.
I do and I understand. (Confucius)
Research Shows that…
People generally remember…
10% of what they read
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they see and hear
70% of what they say
90% of what they say and do
This arithmetic, though not exact, highlights the importance of av aids
Classification of A-V Aids
Projected aid
Non Projected aid
Activity aids
Projected Aids
Items to be observed are projected on a screen using electronic and mechanical devices.
Examples:
Film & Film Projector
Film strips & Film strip Projector
Slides & Slide Projector
Episcope & Epidiascope
OHP (Over Head Projector)
Television
LCD Projector (LIQUID Crystal Display)
DPL Projector
Non-Projected Aids
Graphic Aids
Graphs
Diagrams
Posters
Maps
Cartoons
Comics
Flash Cards
Pictures & Photographs
Charts
Time line
Display Boards
Black Board
Roll-up Board
Peg Board
Hook & Loop Board
Flannel Board
Magnetic Board
Plastigraph Board
Bulletin Board
Marker Board
3-D Aids
Models
Objects
Specimens
Diorama
Aquarium
Terrarium
Vivarium
Audio Aids
Radio
Tape Recorder
Public Address System
Other Aids
Teaching Machine
Programmed Learning
CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction).
Activity Aids
Field Trip & Excursions
Exhibition
Demonstration
Dramatization
Museum
Puppets
Planetarium
Film Projector
Films in the form of motion pictures.
Enrich learning by presenting a series of meaningful experience involving motion.
Can enlarge or reduce the actual size of the object to suit the need.
Film Strip Projector
Film strip is the connected series pictures, drawings or photographs.
Some film strips are accompanied with sound.
Slide Projector
The picture or diagram which are drawn in suitable medium is called Slide. (Glass or Transparency).
Episcope and Epidiascope
Episcope is used for the projection of opaque objects.
Pictures, photographs, drawing or an opaque material within the size of the platform of the episcope can be projected.
Epidiascope can project opaque as well as transparent objects.
OHP (Over Head Projector)
Projects the image behind and over the head of the teacher.
The transparent visual is placed on a horizontal platform at the top of the light source.
The teacher can place the transparent plate on the platform and write or draw on it anything that is to be visualised using suitable pen.
LCD Projector
LIQUID Crystal Display is the most advanced and sophisticated projected aid.
LCD replaced all other projected and non projected aids today.
Can present a topic by using computer made slide, graph, pictures, video clips, movies and special effects.
Non Projected Aids
Graphic Aids
Visual aids such as graphs, pictures, charts etc.
They can convey the message by a combination of written and pictorial visuals that could be meaningful by suitable captions.
The criteria for good graphics are that they should be simple, legible and brief.
Graphs
Shows relationship between two variables.
Bar graphs, line graphs, pie diagrams etc.
Diagrams
Explain many factors at the same time.
Explain facts more clearly.
Posters
Bold and attractive representation of ideas.
Catches eye and conveys the message.
Maps
Accurate representation.
Geographical, Industrial, Political, Historical.
Cartoon
Humorous and exaggerated caricature of a person or situation in the form of picture or sketch.
Comics
Series of cartoon depicting a story.
Flash Card
Used in language especially in Lower Classes.
Exhibits for a few seconds.
Picture and Photographs
Makes the ideas clear and comprehensive.
Charts
Combination of graphic and pictorial media.
Different types are display chart, flow chart, tabular chart, tree chart, time chart.
Display Boards
Black Board
Roll up board
Peg Board
Hook and Loop Board
Flannel Board
Bulletin Board
Magnetic Board
Three Dimensional Aids
Models
Concrete representations of objects, their size being adjusted to make it handy and conveniently observable.
Clearly exhibits the structure or function of the original.
Objects
Real things from their natural settings e.g. Rock, Coin, Stamp.
Specimen
Part of an object which has been removed for convenient observation.
Mock-ups
An operating model usually for a process, designed to be worked with directly by the learner for specific training or analysis.
It is an imitation of real process.
Diorama
Three dimensional scene in depth, incorporating a group of modelled objects and figures in a natural settings.
Audio Aids
Radio
Recording Instruments
Activity Aids
Field trip and excursion
Exhibition
Demonstration
Dramatisation
Museum
Planetarium
Aquarium
Terrarium
Used for rearing plants or animals under natural conditions.
Vivarium
Programmed Instruction
"A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next."
Students can learn a wide range of things with small steps that require a response.
Machine-like learning.
In 1912, the first idea of automated book was created. The second page ONLY after the first is accomplished.
Related to the machine of Sidney L. Pressey.
Computer Assisted Instruction
Self learning technique.
Offline or online.
Interactive instructional technique.
Combination of text, graphics, sounds and video.
Teaching Machine
A piece of device designed to be operated by a student.
The student is presented with a question.
He/she has to respond either by writing or by pressing a button to indicate the correct answer.
An account is kept of the response made by student.
Dale's Cone of Experience
Edgar Dale, the exponent of audio-visual aids in teaching is the originator of 'Cone of Experiences'.
The Diagram appears in his book 'Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching' (1964).
All the learning experiences which can be utilised for classroom teaching are sown by Edgar Dale in a pictorial form which he called the cone of experiences.
Categories:
Direct Purposeful Experience
Contrived Experiences
Dramatic Participation
Demonstration
Field Trips
Exhibits
Motion Picture
Radio, Recordings, still pictures
Visual Symbols
Verbal Symbols
Progression from concrete to abstract experiences, with direct, purposeful experiences at the base and verbal symbols at the peak. Degree of Abstraction increases from bottom to top.
Information Cognitive Skills Motor Skills & Attitudes.
Direct Purposeful Experiences
Gained through experience.
Not only direct but also purposeful.
It provides a means to establish correct initial concepts in the minds of pupil.
Contrived Experiences
Experience gathered from a working model which is an editing of reality and differs the original either in size or in complexity.
Educational Significance of OHP
A projected image has great power to hold attention of the audience for a long time.
Projected images are effective for a big class.
Projected image clarifies the information.
Comparative light weight of the equipment makes it portable.
Saves time.
No need of darkening the room.
The operation task of OHP is very simple.
Educational Significance of LCD
Any information displays in the computer screen can be projected.
Can project anything such as still pictures, motion films and animated films.
Makes e-leaning possible for a large group.
Can provide sound effects also.
Consumes less amount of electricity.
Thin, light weight and easy to use.
Educational Television
USA started using television for instruction purpose in 1932.
Television first came in India in 1959 (Doordarsan).
Second TV station was established in Mumbai in 1972.
Television got a boost in 1982 when broadcast started in colour.
In 1990 a foreign channel CNN started broadcasting.
Govt. of India started many projects to use education as an instructional media:
Secondary school television project(1961)
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (1975)
Indian National satellite project (1982)
UGC- Higher Education Television Project (1984)
IGNOU Doordarsan Telecast (1991)
Gyandarshan educational channel (2000)
Educational Significance of Educational Television
Television is the best available teacher to teach a large number of students.
Provides common experience to all.
Provides an opportunity to the teachers to observe the instructional strategies of other teachers.
Provides technical advantage not ready available in the classroom.
Each student get feeling that they are sitting at the front row of the class.
It can incorporate useful films.
Films can bring into classroom without any preparation.
Permits inclusion of up-to-date information
Educational Significance of Recording Instruments
Valuable classes can be preserved.
Tape recorder is economical. Tape can be erased and reused.
Speeches of well-known personalities can be recorded at convenient place and can bring to the school for replay.
Provides flexibility for the teacher to edit and evaluate material.
Being a kind of voice mirror, it can be used for improving spoken language.
Pre-recorded lessons on languages teaches not only content but the correct pronunciation, proper accent and intonations.
Recordings can be easily done from other sources.
Oral recordings of students can be used for criticism and remediation.
Debate, discussions and seminars can be recorded for review and evaluation.
Test Questions and Answers
Question: Use of Hardware in Education is Technology ---- Education
Answer: Technology in Education
Question: ET 3 is known as -----approach
Answer: Systems Approach
Question: Which are the 5M's in Educational Technology?
Answer:
Machines
Materials
Men
Media
Methods
Question: ET 1 is known as ----------approach
Answer: Hardware approach
Question: Write any two maxims of teaching
Answer: Proceed from Known to unknown, from easy to difficult
Question: Write any two Principles of Educational Technology
Answer: Principle of purposiveness, principle of economy
Question: Classification of A-V Aids?
Answer: Activity aids
Question: Name any two graphic aids
Answer: Picture, chart
Question: Epidiascope projects as well as transparent material
Answer: Opaque
Question: Full form of LCD
Answer: Liquid Crystal Display
Question: Give an example of activity aid
Answer: Dramatisation
Question: 'Cone of Experience' was designed by
Answer: Edgar Dale
Question: ------is used for rearing plants or animals under natural condition
Answer: Terrarium
Question: Series of Cartoon depicting a story is
Answer: comics