AP World History Topic 9 Study Guide: Globalization

Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900 (KC-6.1.I)

  • Reduction of Geographic Distance via Communication and Transportation (KC-6.1.I.A)     * The problem of geographic distance was significantly reduced by the advent of new modes of communication and transportation.     * Communication Innovations:         * Radio communication.         * Cellular communication.         * The Internet.     * Transportation Innovations:         * Air travel.         * The development and use of shipping containers.

  • Energy Technologies and Productivity (KC-6.1.I.D)     * Productivity was raised and the production of material goods was increased through the use of specific energy technologies:         * The use of petroleum.         * The use of nuclear power.

  • Transformations in Reproductive Practices (KC-6.1.III.B)     * More effective forms of birth control were developed after 1900.     * Impact on women: These innovations gave women greater control over fertility.     * Societal impact: Reproductive practices were transformed, leading to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.

  • The Green Revolution and Commercial Agriculture (KC-6.1.I.B)     * Agriculture underwent massive shifts to sustain the earth’s growing population.     * Green Revolution: Spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture globally.     * Commercial Agriculture: Increased overall productivity and food supply through industrial methods.

  • Medical Innovations and Longevity (KC-6.1.I.C)     * New medical developments increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.     * Vaccines: Critical for preventing infectious diseases.     * Antibiotics: Vital for treating bacterial infections.

Technological Advances and Limitations: Global Disease (KC-6.1.III)

  • Impact of Diseases and Scientific Developments (KC-6.1.III)     * Diseases and medical/scientific advancements had profound effects on global populations throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.

  • Diseases Associated with Poverty (KC-6.1.III.A)     * These diseases persisted despite global technological gains and are often linked to lack of access to clean water and healthcare:         * Malaria.         * Tuberculosis.         * Cholera.

  • Emergent Epidemic Diseases (KC-6.1.III.A)     * New epidemics emerged as threats to human populations, sometimes leading to massive social disruption and forcing new medical advances:         * 1918 influenza pandemic.         * Ebola.         * HIV/AIDS.

  • Diseases Associated with Increased Longevity (KC-6.1.III.A)     * As human lifespans increased, certain diseases occurred at higher incidences:         * Heart disease.         * Alzheimer’s disease.

Debates About the Environment After 1900 (KC-6.1.II)

  • Human Activity and Resource Competition (KC-6.1.II.A)     * Human activity contributed to significant environmental degradation, leading to intense competition over resources:         * Deforestation: The clearing of forests.         * Desertification: The transformation of fertile land into desert.         * Air Quality: A measurable decline in the quality of breathable air.         * Fresh Water: Increased consumption and competition over the world's supply of fresh water.

  • Climate Change and Atmospheric Pollutants (KC-6.1.II.B)     * The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere sparked global debates.     * The central focus of these debates involves the nature and causes of climate change.

Economics in the Global Age (KC-6.3)

  • Free-Market Economic Policies and Liberalization (KC-6.3.I.D)     * The end of the Cold War accelerated a trend where governments encouraged free-market policies and economic liberalization in the late 20th century.     * Notable leaders and governments promoting these policies include:         * The United States under Ronald Reagan.         * Britain under Margaret Thatcher.         * China under Deng Xiaoping.         * Chile under Augusto Pinochet.

  • Growth of Knowledge and Manufacturing Economies (KC-6.3.I.E)     * Revolutions in information and communications technology shifted the global economic landscape.     * Knowledge Economies: Growth occurred primarily in regions like Finland, Japan, and the U.S.     * Manufacturing Economies: Industrial production became increasingly situated in:         * Asia: Specifically Vietnam and Bangladesh.         * Latin America: Specifically Mexico and Honduras.

  • Economic Institutions and Trade Agreements (KC-6.3.II.B)     * Principles of free-market economics spread through international organizations and regional agreements:         * World Trade Organization (WTO).         * North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).         * Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

  • Multinational Corporations (KC-6.3.II.B)     * The spread of global economic practices is reflected in the rise of companies operating across borders:         * Nestl.         * Nissan.         * Mahindra and Mahindra.

Calls for Reform and Responses (KC-6.3)

  • Rights-Based Discourses (KC-6.3.III.i)     * Old assumptions regarding race, class, gender, and religion were challenged by various movements and documents:         * The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Specifically sought protections for children, women, and refugees.         * Global feminism movements.         * Negritude movement.         * Liberation theology in Latin America.

  • Increased Inclusivity in Education and Politics (KC-6.3.III.ii)     * Access to education and professional/political roles became more inclusive regardless of race, class, gender, or religion.     * Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote/hold office):         * United States (1920).         * Brazil (1932).         * Turkey (1934).         * Japan (1945).         * India (1947).         * Morocco (1963).     * Educational Milestones: Rising female literacy rates and increasing numbers of women in higher education globally.     * Civil Rights and Social Reform:         * The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965.         * The end of apartheid.         * Caste reservation in India.

  • Environmental and Economic Protest Movements (KC-6.3.II.C)     * Global integration caused inequalities that sparked worldwide protests:         * Environmental Movements: Greenpeace and Professor Wangari Maathai’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya.         * Economic Movements: World Fair Trade Organization.

Globalized Culture After 1900 (KC-6.3.IV)

  • Global Popular and Consumer Culture (KC-6.3.IV.i / KC-6.3.IV.ii)     * Political and social changes led to the globalization of arts and popular culture:         * Music: Reggae.         * Movies: Bollywood.         * Social Media: Facebook and Twitter.         * Television: BBC.         * Sports: World Cup soccer and the Olympics.

  • Global Consumerism (KC-6.3.IV.iii)     * Consumer culture transcended national borders through global brands and digital retail:         * Online Commerce: Alibaba and eBay.         * Global Brands: Toyota and Coca-Cola.

Resistance to Globalization After 1900 (KC-6.3.IV.iv)

  • Responses to Economic and Cultural Globalization     * Globalization faced various forms of pushback:         * Economic Activism: Anti-IMF (International Monetary Fund) and anti-World Bank activism.         * Local Alternatives: The advent of locally developed social media platforms, such as Weibo in China.

Institutions Developing in a Globalized World (KC-6.3.II.A)

  • International Organizations     * New organizations formed to manage global affairs with specific goals of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.     * United Nations: The primary international organization formed for these purposes.