SPN 112: Repaso Acumulativo - Pronombres y Pretérito

Pronombres de Objeto

¿Qué es un Pronombre?

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition. Its primary function is to make sentences more concise and fluid.

Pronombres de Objeto Directo (DOPs)

A direct object pronoun replaces the noun that directly receives the action of the verb. It answers the question "who?" or "what?" in English.

• Ejemplo:

  • "I kick the ball." (Here, "the ball" is the direct object.)

  • "I kick it hard." (Here, "it" replaces "the ball" as a direct object pronoun.)

• Ejemplos en español:

  • "Yo estoy leyendo un libro muy interesante." ($el libro$ is the direct object.)

    • "Yo lo estoy leyendo." (Here, lo replaces $el libro$.)

  • "Miguel estudia la filosofía." ($la filosofía$ is the direct object.)

    • "Miguel la estudia." (Here, la replaces $la filosofía$.)

• Concordancia (Agreement): Direct object pronouns must agree in gender and number with the noun they replace.

  • Formas de "it" (singular):

    • Masculino: lo (it, him)

    • Femenino: la (it, her)

  • Formas de "them" (plural):n

    • Masculino: los (them)

    • Femenino: las (them)

• Lista Completa de Pronombres de Objeto Directo:

  • me (me)

  • te (you, singular informal)

  • lo (it, him, you formal singular masculine)

  • la (it, her, you formal singular feminine)

  • nos (us)

  • os (you, plural informal, primarily Spain)

  • los (them, you formal plural masculine)

  • las (them, you formal plural feminine)

• ¡OJO! (BE CAREFUL!): When expressing phrases like "It was fun" or "It was difficult," you are conjugating the verb "ser" (to be) in the preterite tense (e.g., $fue$ for he/she/it). You do not use a direct object pronoun for this type of "it."

Pronombres de Objeto Indirecto (IOPs)

Indirect object pronouns indicate to whom or for whom an action is performed. They answer the questions "to whom?" or "for whom?"

• These pronouns are commonly used with verbs like gustar (to like) and similar verbs such as encantar (to love, to enchant), interesar (to interest), preocupar (to worry), molestar (to bother), etc.

• Lista Completa de Pronombres de Objeto Indirecto:

  • me (to/for me)

  • te (to/for you, singular informal)

  • le (to/for him, her, you formal singular)

  • nos (to/for us)

  • os (to/for you, plural informal, primarily Spain)

  • les (to/for them, you formal plural)

• Ejemplos:

  • "Nosotros le dimos comida a mi amigo." (We gave food to him / to my friend.)

  • "Nosotros les dimos comida a mis amigos." (We gave food to them / to my friends.)

La Posición de los Pronombres de Objeto

Both direct object pronouns (DOPs) and indirect object pronouns (IOPs) are generally placed before the conjugated verb.

• Ejemplos:

  • "Mi padre toma café todos los días. Lo toma para el desayuno." ($Lo$ before $toma$)

  • "Me gustan las empanadas. Las preparo todos los domingos." ($Las$ before $preparo$)

  • "La profesora prepara muchos materiales para los estudiantes. Les da los materiales en la clase." ($Les$ before $da$)

  • "Tú cuentas muchas historias a mí. Siempre me cuentas historias." ($Me$ before $cuentas$)

Comparación: Directo vs. Indirecto

Pronombres Dobles de Objeto (IOP + DOP)

When using both an indirect object pronoun and a direct object pronoun in the same sentence, the Indirect Object Pronoun (IOP) ALWAYS comes first.

• Orden: IOP + DOP + Verb

• Posición: Usually, both pronouns are placed together before the conjugated verb.

• Ejemplo:

  • "Mi hermano me da el chocolate." ($el chocolate$ is DOP, $me$ is IOP)

  • "Mi hermano me lo da." (IOP $me$ first, then DOP $lo$)

  • "¿Quién nos va a dar el libro?" ($el libro$ is DOP, $nos$ is IOP)

  • "José nos lo va a dar." (IOP $nos$ first, then DOP $lo$)

El Caso Curioso de "Se"

When the indirect object pronouns $le$ (to/for him, her, Ud.) or $les$ (to/for them, Uds.) are used immediately before a direct object pronoun (lo, la, los, las), they change to "se". This rule exists to avoid the awkward sound of having two pronouns starting with 'l' together (e.g., le lo).

• $le$ + $lo/la$ = se lo/la

• $les$ + $lo/la$ = se lo/la

• $le$ + $los/las$ = se los/las

• $les$ + $los/las$ = se los/las

• ¡Importante! The se in these constructions is the indirect object pronoun.

• Ejemplo:

  • "¿Les das dinero a tus amigos?" (Do you give money to your friends?)

  • "No, nunca se lo doy." (No, I never give it to them.)

    • Here, $se$ replaces $les$ (to them) and $lo$ replaces $dinero$ (it).

Tabla de Pronombres Dobles

El Pretérito

Introducción al Pretérito

The preterite is one of the past tenses in Spanish. It is used to talk about completed actions or actions that have a definable beginning and end in the past.

El Pretérito Regular

To conjugate regular verbs in the preterite tense:

1. Drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, or -ir).

2. Add the appropriate preterite ending based on the subject.

• Verbos -AR:

  • yo: $\text{-é}$ (hablé)

  • tú: $\text{-aste}$ (hablaste)

  • él/ella/Ud.: $\text{-ó}$ (habló)

  • nosotros/as: $\text{-amos}$ (hablamos)

  • vosotros/as: $\text{-asteis}$ (hablasteis)

  • ellos/as/Uds.: $\text{-aron}$ (hablaron)

• Verbos -ER/-IR:

  • yo: $\text{-í}$ (comí, viví)

  • tú: $\text{-iste}$ (comiste, viviste)

  • él/ella/Ud.: $\text{-ió}$ (comió, vivió)

  • nosotros/as: $\text{-imos}$ (comimos, vivimos)

  • vosotros/as: $\text{-isteis}$ (comisteis, vivisteis)

  • ellos/as/Uds.: $\text{-ieron}$ (comieron, vivieron)

Palabras Clave del Pretérito (Keywords)

These words often indicate that an action was completed and therefore signal the use of the preterite tense:

• Ayer (Yesterday)

• Anoche (Last night)

• El otro día (The other day)

• La semana pasada (Last week)

• El mes pasado (Last month)

• El año pasado (Last year)

• Hace (#) días/semanas/meses/años (Number of days/weeks/months/years ago)

• De repente (Suddenly)

• Cuando (When - often for a specific, completed event)

• Durante (During - for a specific duration in the past)

El Pretérito Irregular

Grupo 1: Ir, Ser, Ver, Dar (Completely Irregular)

These verbs have unique conjugations that do not follow the regular patterns.

• Ir = to go / Ser = to be (Note: They share the same preterite forms)

  • fui

  • fuiste

  • fue

  • fuimos

  • fuisteis

  • fueron

• Ver = to see

  • vi

  • viste

  • vio

  • vimos

  • visteis

  • vieron

• Dar = to give

  • di

  • diste

  • dio

  • dimos

  • disteis

  • dieron

Grupo 2: Verbos -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR (Only Irregular in $yo$ form)

-AR verbs ending in -car, -gar, or -zar have a spelling change only in the $yo$ form to preserve the original sound of the consonant.

• -CAR $\rightarrow$ -QUÉ

  • Ejemplo: secar (to dry) $\rightarrow$ yo me sequé el pelo anoche (I dried my hair last night).

• -GAR $\rightarrow$ -GUÉ

  • Ejemplo: pagar (to pay) $\rightarrow$ yo pagué la entrada para la película ayer (I paid for the movie ticket yesterday).

• -ZAR $\rightarrow$ -CÉ

  • Ejemplo: empezar (to begin) $\rightarrow$ yo empecé a estudiar para el examen el otro día (I began to study for the exam the other day).

  • This change is also due to Spanish spelling rules where 'z' cannot precede 'e' or 'i'.

Grupo 3: Verbos con Doble Vocal (Y-Verbs)

-ER/-IR verbs that have a double vowel in their infinitive form (e.g., leer, creer, oír) and verbs ending in -uir (e.g., construir) will have a spelling change in the preterite.

• To facilitate pronunciation and avoid a triple vowel, the i from the regular -ió and -ieron endings is replaced with a y.

• This change only occurs in the "sandal" forms (i.e., the $él/ella/Ud.$ and $ellos/ellas/Uds.$ forms).

• Ejemplo: LEER (to read)

  • leí

  • leíste

  • leyó

  • leímos

  • leísteis

  • leyeron

Grupo 4: Verbos de Cambio de Raíz (Stem-Changers)

• Only -IR verbs can have a stem change in the preterite tense.

• The two types of stem changes are: e $<br>ightarrow$ i and o $<br>ightarrow$ u.

• The stem change only occurs in the "sandal" forms ($él/ella/Ud.$ and $ellos/ellas/Uds.$ forms).

• Generally, the same -IR verbs that have a stem change in the present tense will also have a stem change in the preterite tense.

• Verbos -ir con cambio de raíz (o $\rightarrow$ u):

  • Dormir (to sleep)

  • Morir (to die)

• Verbos -ir con cambio de raíz (e $\rightarrow$ i):

  • Pedir (to ask for, to order)

  • Conseguir (to get, to obtain)

  • Divertirse (to have fun)

  • Repetir (to repeat)

  • Seguir (to follow)

  • Servir (to serve)

  • Vestirse (to get dressed)

  • Preferir (to prefer)

Grupo 5: Verbos con Nuevas Raíces (New Stems)

These verbs have an entirely new, irregular stem in all conjugations in the preterite. They also use special irregular preterite endings for this group.

Endings for Verbs with New Stems:

• yo: $\text{-e}$

• tú: $\text{-iste}$

• él/ella/Ud.: $\text{-o}$

• nosotros: $\text{-imos}$

• vosotros: $\text{-isteis}$

• ellos/ellas/Uds.: $\text{-ieron}$

• ¡Excepción para J-verbs! For verbs whose new stem ends in 'j', the plural ending for $ellos/ellas/Uds.$ is $\text{-eron}$ (the 'i' is dropped).

Types of New Stems:

1. Verbs with an 'i' in the new stem:

   • hacer $\rightarrow$ hic-

     • Ex: yo hice (I did/made)

   • venir $\rightarrow$ vin-

     • Ex: ella vino (she came)

   • querer $\rightarrow$ quis-

     • Ex: tú quisiste (you wanted)

2. Verbs with a 'u' in the new stem (UV-stems):

   • andar $\rightarrow$ anduv-

     • Ex: yo anduve (I walked/strolled)

   • saber $\rightarrow$ sup-

     • Ex: ella supo (she knew/found out)

   • estar $\rightarrow$ estuv-

     • Ex: Ud. estuvo (you formal were)

   • poder $\rightarrow$ pud-

     • Ex: nosotros pudimos (we could/managed)

   • tener $\rightarrow$ tuv-

     • Ex: ellos tuvieron (they had)

   • poner $\rightarrow$ pus-

     • Ex: tú pusiste (you put/placed)

3. Verbs with a 'j' in the new stem (J-stems):

   • conducir $\rightarrow$ conduj-

     • Ex: yo conduje (I drove)

   • producir $\rightarrow$ produj-

     • Ex: ella produjo (she produced)

   • traducir $\rightarrow$ traduj-

     • Ex: Ud. tradujo (you formal translated)

   • traer $\rightarrow$ traj-

     • Ex: nosotros trajimos (we brought)

   • decir $\rightarrow$ dij-

     • Ex: tú dijiste (you said/told)

Notas Importantes

1. HACER (to do/make):

   • yo: hice

   • tú: hiciste

   • él/ella/Ud.: hizo (Note: the 'c' changes to 'z' in the third person singular, also to preserve sound)

   • nosotros: hicimos

   • vosotros: hicisteis

   • ellos/ellas/Uds.: hicieron

2. HABER (there to be): The preterite tense of hay (there is/are) is hubo (there was/were). Hubo is the only form used, regardless of the number of items.

Pretérito vs. Imperfecto

• The transcript provided a specific example highlighting the contrast:

  • Actions described with the imperfect are ongoing or descriptive in the past (e.g., "Mientras yo me lavaba las manos," "mi esposa leía el menú," "mi esposa y yo esperábamos la comida").

  • Actions described with the preterite are completed, specific events that interrupt or occur at a particular point (e.g., "de repente, ¡su silla se rompió!", "yo encontré una mosca", "el mesero nos trajo la cuenta equivocada").

Repaso de Verbos y Pronombres del Quiz 1

Verbos del Quiz 1

• Pretérito Irregular:

  • Tener (to have)

  • Poder (to be able to)

  • Hacer (to do/make)

  • Estar (to be, location/condition)

  • Querer (to want)

• Imperfecto (Verbs often used for ongoing actions or descriptions):

  • Esperar (to wait, to hope)

  • Escoger (to choose)

  • Saber (to know, fact/information)

  • Cocinar (to cook)

  • Encantar (to love, like very much)

  • Preparar (to prepare)

  • Saltar (to jump)

  • Hablar (to speak)

• Pretérito Regular:

  • Pasar (to pass, to happen)

  • Salir (to leave, to go out)

  • Comer (to eat)

  • Acostar(se) (to put to bed, to go to bed)

  • Despertar(se) (to wake up)

Cosas (Nouns) del Quiz 1 para Pronombres

• Jugo de naranja (Orange juice)

• Jugos de banana (Banana juices)

• Opciones (Options)

• Los ravioles (The ravioli)

• Pollo frito (Fried chicken)

• Cerdo al horno (Baked pork)

• Vino (Wine)

Ejemplos de Pronombres en el Quiz 1

• "¿Cómo te sientes tú?" (How do you feel? - te is reflexive here, indicating the action is done to oneself)

• "¿Yo me siento cansado?" (Do I feel tired? - me is reflexive)

• "¿Cata le hizo preguntas al profesor?" (Did Cata ask the professor questions? - le is IOP, to/for him)

• "¿El profesor les respondió las preguntas a Sofía?" (Did the professor answer the questions to Sofía? - This example seems to imply les refers to Sofía (one person) which is incorrect, it might be a general plural 'them' or a typo in the original for 'le'. If 'Sofía' it should be 'le respondedió las preguntas a Sofía')

• "Ava les regaló un chocolate a nuestros amigos." (Ava gave a chocolate to our friends. - les is IOP, to/for them)