2.8 AP Psychology

Intelligence – the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

- General intelligence(g)(Spearman) – one have one general intelligence that underlies all mental abilities

- Factor analysis – a statistical procedure that identifies clusters or related items on a test.

- Fluid intelligence – ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving logic problems

- Crystallized intelligence – accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and applied skills

- Cattell-Horn-Carrol theory – intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities bridged by fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence – eight relatively independent intelligence.

- Savant syndrome – person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skills, such as computation or drawing

- Triarchic theory – analytical, creative, and practical intelligence General Intelligence, Grit, and Deliberate Practice

- Grit – passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

- Emotional intelligence – the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions (more successful)

- Intelligence – a method for assessing and individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

- Achievement test – a test designed to assess what a person has learned

- Aptitude test – a test designed to predict a person’s future performance. Capacity to learn Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

- Collectivism - collective welfare of family, community, and society

- Individualism – promoting individual opportunity

- Stanford-Binet – the widely used American revision of Binet’s intelligence test

- IQ – Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 (original test did not work well for adults b/c it’s hard to determine mental age).

- Psychometrics – the scientific study of the measurements of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

- Standardization – defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

- Normal (bell)curve – highest point is the average score. Average for IQ is 100

- Fylnn effect – the rise in intelligence test performance over time and across cultures Is the Test Reliable?

- Reliability – the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms, or re-testing

- Validity – the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

- Content validity – the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (road test for driver’s test)

- Construct validity – tests that measure a certain concept (tests for self-esteem – survey)

- Predictive validity – the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

- Cross-sectional study – research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

- Longitudinal study – research that follows and res-tests the same people over time

Aging and Intelligence – lose recall memory and processing speed, but gain vocabulary and knowledge

- Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age

- Heritability – the portion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

- Growth mindset – a focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

- Fixed mindset – the view that intelligence abilities, and talents are unchangeable, even with effort

The Question of Bias – cultural fair aptitude tests

- Stereotype threat – a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype (worried that your group is expected to do worse).

- Stereotype lift – belief your group does well on the task