BIOL Exam 2
-Capsule -> Helps bacteria attach to the tissues they want to infect
-Binary Fission -> allows bacteria to reproduce in an asexual process where one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells
-If bacteria were in an egg salad for over 2 hours, it would go from 4 to 256 as it would double 6 times in 2 hours
-HIV Genetic Material -> two molecules of single stranded RNA
-Glycoproteins -> binds to receptor molecules (the blue joystick looking things)
-Reverse Transcriptase -> makes DNA from RNA (yellow ball)
-Viral Envelope’s Source -> host cell membrane
-Viral Genome -> RNA, the purple lines in the middle
-Provirus -> double-stranded viral DNA that has been incorporated into a host’s cell genome
-Angiosperms -> most closely related to gymnosperms
-Gymnosperms -> dominant plant group with dinosaurs
-Charophycean -> looks like weed
-Algae Evolution -> plants evolved from algae 475 years ago
-Ferns -> seedless vascular plants
-Bryophytes -> similar to the first living plants to bear gametangia
-Adaptation in anole lizards -> long legs for the ones that live on the ground and tree trunks
-Natural Selection can lead to rapid changes
-There are many small islands with similar environments
-Islands affected by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations
-What keeps lizards from mating with different species -> different species living in same habitat have different dewlaps
-Dewlaps and other adaptations that influence reproduction can lead to separation because individuals no longer recognize other different dewlap individuals.
-Microevolution -> changes in traits of a population over generations
-DNA proves that an established population diversified into many different species
-Small population of finches moved to the island and then diversified
-Grants Experiments -> played recorded finch songs to show that finches respond to their own song
-Charles Darwin thought that each species was specifically created by God and did not change
-Darwin learning about bony shells of armadillos and fossilized remains of sloths supported the idea that species are from older species
-Evolutionary Change -> all caused by gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, natural selection
-Population bottleneck reduces the size of a population
-Disruptive Selection -> causes both extreme phenotypes to be favored over intermediate phenotype
-Stabilizing Selection -> extreme phenotypes become less common
-Icefish Diffusion Oxygen -> transparent, scale-less skin causes them to be affected
-Icefish have antifreeze proteins and lack of red blood cells to reduce thickness of blood
-Notothenioids -> can live in very cold, nutrient rich waters
-Icefish Antifreeze Gene -> caused by duplicated gene
-Icefish -> mutations
-Reinforcement -> extreme phenotypes are favored over intermediate ones, natural selection
-First Self Replicating molecules resembles viruses
-Self Replicating molecules first appeared 4 billion years ago
-Ribozymes will be developed in hot springs
-Chloroplast -> carries out photosynthesis
-Mitochondria -> carries out aerobic respiration
-Predatory cells cannot digest bacteria
-Humans -> homosapiens
-Bipedality, large brain size, and extensive tool use separates us from monkeys
-Chimpanzee and human lineages diverged about 7 million years ago
-Shorter hip bone = bipedal hominid
-Human Evolution -> first humans evolved in Africa, greater reliance on culture, fossil record contains creatures w features that are between humans and apes
-Madagascar -> 80% of the species found are unique to that island, popular doubles every 25 years
Panapto:
-Horizontal Gene Transfer -> Bacteria exchanges genetic material
-AUG -> methionine, present in all species and many proteins as a starting amino acid
-UGG -> tryptophan
-UGU -> cysteines
-GUU -> valine
-GAA or GAG -> glutamic acid
-DNA bases undergoing a mutation may not always lead to a change in the amino acid sequence (silent mutation)
-Point Mutation -> single base may accidentally be replaced to give rise to a new mutated gene
-DNA Segment Shuffling -> could give rise to new genes or cause gene loss
-DNA Replication Slippage -> loops the new strand and incorporates extra bases to the parental DNA
-Transposons -> jumping genes, viral transposons spread nucleic acid segments by inserting into other genomes which may lead to an expansion of genomes
-Phylogenetic Tree -> diagram that depicts the the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, doesn’t agree with the actual evolutionary pathway of the species involved
-The last common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees went through a complex speciation event that involved multiple rounds of mutations before splitting into different species
-Speciation events may occur due to the environment or anatomical changes in the body
-C-Value Paradox -> lack of correlation between biological complexity (DNA content)
-When number of genes per 1MB is considered, C.elegens have more genes than humans
-Intron -> repeated DNA sequence that do not encode for an amino acid, has an impact on spacing out exons in higher eukaryotes to enable higher eukaryotes to avoid mutational risks