Biology Exam
Words and Definitions:
Mitosis: The asexual reproducing of cells that results in identical daughter cells
Meiosis: The sexual reproduction of cells that results in non-identical daughter cells
Cell Interphase: The replication of chromosomes and the preparation for cell division
Prophase: The first stage of cell division, where the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids
Metaphase: The second stage of cell division, , during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers
Anaphase: The third phase of cell division where the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle
Telophase: The fourth phase of cell division, where the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm from a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Covalent Bonds: The strongest bonds
Hydrogen Bonds: The Weakest bonds
Nucleic acids: the building blocks of proteins
Downâs syndrome: Synonym of Trisomy 21
Trisomy 21: nondisjunction of autosome resulting in 3 chromosomes
Nondisjunction: A failure to separate chromosomes
Translation: the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA
Transcription: the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA.
ATP: An unstable molecule
Endocytosis: process by which cells take in substances from outside the cell, such as macromolecules, particles, and other cells
Pinocytosis: a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules
Active Transport: Direct ATP usage
Passive Transport: No ATP usage
Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
Anaerobic Respiration: Less ATP, insufficient O2, occurs when oxygen isnât present
Aerobic Respiration: More ATP, sufficient O2, makes CO2
Steps In Metabolism: Food, broken down by enzymes, turns into glycolysis into respiration
Fermentation Equation: Sugar+Yeast=alchohol and co2
Lactic Acid Fermentation: anaerobic respiration that creates lactic acids as a waste which occurs in the muscles.
Functions:
DNA: Store genetic information and contain the instructions to building proteins
RNA: Create proteins via translation
Anaerobic Respiration is used for ____?: Alcohol yeast fermentation
True False
Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration: FALSE
Lactic Acid Fermentation can be used for a long time: FALSE