7.3, 7.1, 7.2 APUSH
Manifest destiny
God given right to expand westward
Coast to coast
Late 1870s --> COMPLETED
New Manifest Destiny (1880s)
Expand beyond the territorial USA
Caribbeans
Expansion and Imperialism
New Manifest Destiny
Expansion beyond continental boundaries became goal in late 19th century
Closing of the Frontier ---> resource issue ---> people started to freak out
Kept democracy in place
People believed the frontier was CRUCIAL
Increasing Importance of Trade
overflowed American Market after mass production
Capitalism stimulated imperialists realized the need to increase exports
Intellectual justifications for imperialism
Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest
The weak become captive to the strong
Josiah Strong (protestant minister)
Published Our country: its possible future and its Present Crisis (1895)
"Anglo Saxon race represented liberty and Christianity"
"Our duty to expose 3rd world country to the wonderfulness of America"
Taught in graduate level courses
"Teutonic genius and Teutonic conscience are the two greatest forces in modern civilization and culture"
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Influence of Sea power upon history (1890)
Conclusion: Empires from the past who had colonies were SUPERIOR
Racial Superiority
Jingoists
Men saw WAR necessary to development of next gen. of men
Reaction of increasing development of women and political activism
Also because everyone else is imperializing
Monkey see - Monkey do
Ex. Germany created in 1871 --> already imperializing
Good Military Bases
Way stations for Navy ships --> broaden space of patrol
Expansion to China
Hawaii
Americans start moving to Hawaii
Buying land for plantations ---> driving natives away
Sugar Cane plantations
Stanford Dole
Good trade relations are established
Sugar from Hawaii DUTY FREE
Establishment of Naval base (more notes…)
Local pop. Is resentful
Queen Liliuokalani (1891) is on the throne of Hawaii
Nationalist
Opposes annexation to USA
New tarriff (1890)
Plantation owners from Hawaii must pay import tarriff for USA --> no longer protected
Dole and other want to join the USA
Over throw Queen Lil
But not a lot of Americans in Hawaii (5%)
John L. stevens (US Ambassador to Hawaii) is lured by Dole to call the US navy to protect the Americans who are in danger/under threat (aka trying to revolt)
Cleveland is Pres.
Finds out what stevens has done
Rejected Hawaii's annexation
Mackinlay is pres.
allowed
Samoa
Late 1800s, England, USA, Germany ---> Fought over Samoa islands
Germany and USA each get one
Midway Island
Claimed by USA
Known for Guano (bird pop) --> for fertilizer
Cuba Controversy
Since president pierce --> USA had a fascination for Cuba
Cubans wanted the USA to get involved --> to get away from Spain
Americans have moved to Cuba
Good climate
Angry after the civil war
Cheep labor
Cubans destroyed plantations --> Americans are complaining
Every 5 years Cubans revolted Spanish control
Spanish General sent (Gen. Weyler)
Put down any independent minded effort by indigenous pop. ---> prevent USA from sticking in
Impossible to differentiate
Reconcentration Camps
Round up population into camps ---> who ever did not want to enter was rebellious --> targeted
Hastily constructed, poor quality, disease, contamination
Increased Death
Yellow Journalism
The truth in Cuba is colored and reported in the America --> good marketing while people are outrageous
Cleveland did not want to get involved
De Lome Letter
a private letter written by Spanish Ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lôme that was published in 1898. The letter criticized President William McKinley and his handling of Cuba
American people got mad
Only we can insult OUR president
The Maine
US battle ship --> sent to Cuba incase Americans are endanger
Supposed to get permission from other country (Spain)
Ship was BLOAN UP + SANK
206 US sailors were killed
US makes many demands on Spain for why the ship has exploded --> suspect Spain
Spain refuses to give private info
US declares war
Spanish American War
April 25 - Aug. 8 1898
Cuban independence from Spain was in the US' economic and strategic interests
Teller Amendment
US has no intention to take over spanish colony for colonization
397 combat deaths + 52000 deaths from disease
Shows that US still has a long way to go
Supply and Mobilization Problems
Shortage of modern rifles and ammunition
Heavy uniforms
Inadequate medical supplies
Small regular army
Colonial Acquisitions
War led to US acquiring a significant portion of Spain's overseas empire
Philippines
entry into China Market
Theodore Roosevelt --> ordered Admiral George Dewey to attack Philippines ---> when he receives order of declaration of war on Spain
Strikes a deal with Emilio Aguinaldo ---> help US beat the spanish --> hopes to gain Philippines independence
Treaty of Paris
Ended Spanish American War (Dec.10 1898)
Cuba becomes independent
Puerto Rico transferred to US
Guam became US possession
Philippines controlled by US at end of war
US paid Spain $20 million
Debate over the Philippines
McKinley decided to annex the Philippines --> Natives very angry --> 4 years of war (1898-1902)
Did not believe they were ready for self-government
4,300 American Deaths
50,000 Filipino death
US tricked Emilio Aguinaldo into prison --> ended the war
William Howard Taft --> sent to be military governor in Philippines
Established good relationship with natives after
Opposition:
Anti-imperialists in Congress
Argued US had not like being a colony previously under Britain
Bring competition from cheap labor
Considered Filipinos racially inferior and unsuitable as American territory
Puerto Rico
Foraker Act
Americans can amend or veto any legislation passed by Puerto Rico government
Insular cases - 1901
Up to congress to decided what procedural rights colonies can have
The Constitution does not follow the flag
Planting a flag in the area does not = thoes people get the same rights as US citizens
China
China is already carved up when US arrives
Hay's "Open Door Notes" ---> Open Door policy
US Sec. of State proclaimed that China can trade with everybody
Banking on all the European countries in control to be afraid to speak up
Europeans Accepted
Boxer Rebellion
Nationalists uprising in China ---> Against international involvement
US included in multi-national force to put down rebellion
3 More Slides
Progressivism and Social Reform
The people should support the government, but the government should not have the obligation to care for the people (1880s)
Mindset changes after
1900s - 1920s
Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
Revolution of the government assuming a responsibility for the people
Backdrop for Progressivism (late 1800s)
Settlement House Movement (1880 - 1920)
Women --> mostly educated professionally trained --> shut out of male dominated workforce
Leaders in reforming the lives of the impoverished and immigrants
Jane Addams and Ellen Starr
Established Hull House (Chicago) ---> settlement house for social reform
Lillian Wald
Settlement House in NYC
Social Gospel
Lead by ministers and priests
Fusion of religion and reform
If you are Christian ---> help the less fortunate Christians
Jacob Riis
Book: How the Other Half Lives - 1890
Brought to attention, a lot of people are not experiencing the wealth and specialness of America
Progressivism / Progressive Era (1901-1920)
Many American believed that the nation needed to be reformed
Very Broad and encompassing
Something for everyone to buy into
Vs. Populist movement (only farmers)
Middle Class is the backbone of the movement
Increasing in size
Educated enough and stable financially
What needs Reforming? ---> Everything
Advertising
No regulation ---> false advertising
Unsafe Working Conditions
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - 1911
150+ people died --> were trapped on the 11th floor -->
Medications
Drugs - Heroin, Cocaine
Food
"Muckrakers"
Investigative journalists drew attention to need for reform
Name given by Teddy Roosevelt
Insulting meaning
Believed they should feel privileged to live in America
Exposed
Corruption in government
Shady big business operations
Rockefeller ex.
Child labor
Drug abuse
Prostitution
Notable Muckrakers:
David Graham Phillips
Investigated on US senate --> 75/90 senators were bribed
Triggered the 17th amendment
Ida Tarbell
Investigated on Rockefeller and oil refineries --> family was bankrupted by him
Lincoln Steffens
Investigated corruption in relationship between city businesses and government
Upton Sinclair
Published the Jungle
Chicago was meat packing capital of the world
Investigated the conditions of the workers in the meat packaging industry --> wanted to transition to socialist
Convinced President Roosevelt to believe in reform
Female Progressives + Poor
"The New Woman"
Socially and economically INDEPENDENT
Even if married --> new tech to complete house work quicker == more free time
Fewer kids born
Divorce rates increases
"Boston Marriages" --> Lesbian Marriages
Sometimes for the economic benefits w/out men
The Clubwomen
Cultural and social betterment --> General federation of Women's Clubs
Public space for women
National Women's trade Union League (1903)
Pushed for higher wages
8 hr. work day
Improved working conditions
Muller v. Oregon
Supreme Court upheld an Oregon law establishing a limit of 10 hr. workday for women
Shepherd - Towner Act (1921) *attempt but declared unconstitutional
$1 million annually federal aid (5 years) for mothers and babies
AA Women's Club
No mixing of race in public --> strict racial segregation
Sponsored: daycare centers, work and home training projects
National association of Colored Women
50,000 members 1916
Some women disagreed
Not all women believed in the idea of protective legislation for women
Women's Suffrage
National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
Argued if men could vote, woman can vote too ---> unsuccessful
Diverse arguments:
Corruption in politics was due to absence of women's maternal influence
The problem is caused by men --> hard to disagree/combat
Granted right to vote in Washington + Wyoming
1919 --> Congress passed 19th Amendment
Alice Paul
Founded National Woman's Party
Proposed equal rights amendment in 1923
Fight for Racial Equality
Brooker T. Washington
Suggested accommodation (accept racial segregation ) ---> concentrate on economic development, avoid politics
Many AA critical of his approach
Founded Tuskegee Institute
Ida B. Wells
Believed black leaders had to speak out against racial inequality and lynching
Newspaper writer
W.E.B. Du Bois
Harvard Educated --> northern Black
Major criticizer of Booker T. Washington
Cant make economic progress if political rights are denied
Called for the "talented tenth"
Higher education for the top 10% of the race to be the leaders of that race
Helped establish NAACP (National association for the Advancement of Colored People) - 1909
Brought 2 supreme Court Cases
Guinn v. US (1915) - struck down Grandfather clause
Buchanan v. Warley (1917) - declared residential segregation unconstitutional
Native Americans
Struggled against injustice
Carlos Montezuma
Called for the abolition of the Indian Office --> an impediment to the welfare of American Indians
Creates too much dependency
Arthur C. Parker
Seneca Anthropologist
Did not approve the idea that NA suffered from their own backwardness
Zitkala-Sa
Wrote essays --> exposed the practices of boarding schools that tried to assimilate NA children
Temperance, Morality, and Social Control
Middle-class reformers
Efforts to prohibit alcohol --> to repress and control the poor
Temperance Crusade
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) - 1874
Pushed for prohibition of alcohol
Promised w/out alcohol will solve all of American's problems
The 18th Amendment (1919)
Outlawed Alcohol
What was promised did not happen!
Repealed in 1933
Combatting prostitution
Mann Act - 1910
Illegal to transport female across state lines for immoral purposes
1915 - every state made laws prohibiting sexual solicitation
Narcotics
Eliminate the use and sale of opium, morphine, cocaine
Margaret Sanger
Focused on health of women and families
Advocated to prevent unwanted childbearing and unsafe illegal abortions
Other people linked to eugenics
To reduce the changes of immigrant families to have too much children
New Immigrants
1910 --> 1/3 of American population was foreign born
New York
San Francisco
Immigrants faced exploitation
The Triangle Shirtwaist fire
146 immigrant women died due to factory locking the doors during work hours
Push for Immigration Restriction
Assimilation vs. Restriction
Madison Grant
Published The passing of the Great Race --> tied Eugenics and Nativism
Dillingham Report
Congress investigation
Concluded New immigrants (southern + eastern Europe) --> are less capable of assimilation
There should be restrictions of immigration based on Nationality
More preferred (northern + western Europe)
Municipal Reform
Middle class progressives
Political Machines --> won election by gaining support form immigrants
Progressives attacked immigrant population to control corruption issue
New Forms of Municipal government:
Commission Plan
Replaced the mayor and city council with elected commissioners
Each commissioner ran a municipal department like a business
Put Galveston on the map
Mayor/Council governments
Appointed city managers with business background
Tom Johnson in Cleveland
Direct Primaries
Voters choose candidates --> not political machines
Statehouse progressivism --> control corruption at state level
Initiative & Referendum
Voters voted on legislation
Direct Primary and Recall
Robert M. La Follette
Republican governor of Wisconsin
Reforms to increase government accountability
Expand civil service
Law forbidding direct corporate contributions in politics
Graduated income tax
Later became a senator
17th Amendment passed - 1913
Direct election of US Senators
16th Amendment - Graduated income tax
Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
Youngest President to ever serve (42)
After McKinley's death in 1901
Fought with Rough Riders in Cuba during Spanish American War
Believed in "Government by people"
Pushed the limits of the Presidents power
Until someone stops him
Considered the presidency to be him bully pulpit
Used his energetic personality to appeal to the public
Square Deal
Provide economic and political stability
Mediated labor disputes --- Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)
Miners refused to work --> coal crisis --> businesses and schools are closing
Roosevelt threatens to seize mines and control them with military power
Miners got pay raise and better work hours
First time President sided with the working class
Working Class is TREATED FAIRLY
Addressed Giant Business trusts
The public must be treated fairly by the monopoly
Good and Bad trusts
Railroads were seen as bad trusts
Offered rebates for favored big businesses for shipping
Ordered 25 lawsuits under Sherman antitrust act --> "Trust Buster"
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
Conservation and Preservation
Aggressive about limiting the rate trees are being cut down
Conservation appealed to large companies capable to afford the additional costs associated with maintaining a healthy forest
Drove out small competitors
San Francisco 1906
Fire destroyed all usable water in San Francisco
Choose to build a dam --> neg. effects nature
Panic of 1907 -- "Roosevelt Panic"
Tennessee Coal and Iron Company
Verge of bankruptcy
JP Morgan agreed to buy the plant ---> BUT will create a MONOLOPY --> Roosevelt gave his word that they would not be prosecuted
Workers kept their jobs --> stable economy
Equality
Lacked commitment to black equality
Supported eugenics and racism
Election 1908
Roosevelt did not want to seek a third presidential term
Choose his own successor ---> William H. Taft (Republican)
Vs. Democrats (William Bryan) and Socialist (Eugene Debs)
William Taft
Weak Leader
Did not support all progressive beliefs of Roosevelt
Government by LAW
Will not push the laws that bound the government
Chief Justice of Supreme Court (1920-1930)
True Trust Buster --> 90 antitrust lawsuits in 4 years
"Rule of Reason" --> only reasonable restraint of trade permissible
VS. Progressives
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Attempted to lower the tariff to help the working class
Ex. Could buy canary bird seeds free with 0% rate
But clothing and shoes % went up
MOST AMERICANS WERE EFFECTED NEGTIVELY
Ballinger - Pinchot Dispute
Taft released conservation sanctuary lands --> turning them back into development (bc the law say so)
Taft fired Gifford Pinchot
Roosevelt is angered by Taft destroying his conservation measures --> publicly criticized
Filed a supreme court order to the Tennessee Coal Iron Company --> Roosevelt is angry
Runs for candidate of the Republican party against Taft
Progressive Party
"Bull Moose" party
Roosevelt created his own party after loosing the republican candidate spot
Split the republican party votes
Argues "New Nationalism"
Federal government should use its power to fights against bad trusts
Watch big businesses --> if turns bad then prosecute
Called for:
Income tax, 8hr workday, workers compensation, fewer restrictions in labor unions, women's suffrage
Progressive idea of taking care of everybody (poor people)
Election of 1912
Republican - Taft
Democratic - Woodrow Wilson
Intellectual + idealist
Sincerity --> public buys into it
Argues "New Freedom" ---> big is bad, monopolies and trusts are harmful to public
Wilson WINS --> by electoral votes
42% public votes
Wilson pres.
Triple Wall of Privilege --> Elites are benefitting from
Tariff, Banks, Trusts
Need to limit this
Lowering Tariff
Underwood - Simmons Tariff
Significant reduction in tariff & raised tarriff on wealthy class goods
Greater beneficial impact on WORKING AMERICANS
Banks
Determined banks benefited the wealthy --> extension of the rich
Poor class was treated unfairly by banks
Federal Reserve Act
Created Federal Reserve System
Divide country into 12 banking regions --> shifting money
Banks can borrow money from another regions
Created banking stability
Works well UNLESS the entire country is hit with the same issue
Clayton Antitrust Act
Making monopolies illegal, cannot make everything the same price to lessen competition
Lists are specific
16th Amendment
Graduated income tax
Helps compensate for the loss of money to the government from tarriff decrease
1916 ---> trying to appeal to Roosevelt voters during re-election
Adamson Act
Provided 8hr workday and overtime pay for railroad workers
Railroad companies are interstate so federal gov. controlled
Owen-Keating Act
Child-Labor laws
If factory employs kids under 14 --> cannot ship product across state lines
Workmen's Compensation Act
Provided insurance for federal employees in case of injury
Wilson wins re-election in 1916
End of Progressive Era,
"the people owes duty to the government, but the government owes no duty to the people" - Cleveland
Idea changed significantly
People expect more from the government
AA and NA are still behind
Racism is still present
