Roman Civilization Study Notes

Roman Civilization Overview

  • Apollodorus of Damascus constructed the Pantheon in Rome (118-125 C.E.).

Geographic Expansion

  • Roman control: 500 B.C., 290 B.C., 240 B.C.

  • Growth facilitated by Roman roads connecting various cities across Italy.

Etruscan Civilization

  • Ancestors of Romans, influencing art, architecture, and religion.

  • Lesser-known language and unique cultural practices.

  • Peak civilization around 700 B.C.E., coinciding with Archaic Greece.

  • Etruscans traded with Greeks, adapted aspects of Greek culture.

Etruscan Architecture

  • Etruscan temples share features with Greek temples but include distinct elements:

    • Steps on one side, deep porches, and independent cella divisions.

Etruscan Tombs

  • Two types: corbeled domes and rock-cut chambers.

  • Notable sites like the Tomb of the Reliefs reflect family life and daily activities.

Etruscan Sculpture

  • Famous for metalwork; notable example is the Capitoline She-Wolf (ca. 500 B.C.E.).

Roman Republic Structure

  • Established in 509 B.C.E., lasting until 27 B.C.E.

  • Division between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners).

  • Conflict initiated patronage system; plebeians relied on patrician support.

  • The Senate was primarily patrician.

  • 287 B.C.E.: Plebeian vote (plebiscite) became binding for both classes.

Military Expansion

  • Conquests began in the 3rd century B.C.E.

  • Punic Wars against Carthage (264-146 B.C.E.) resulted in significant territorial gains.

  • Transition to a professional standing army initiated by Gaius Marius in 107 B.C.E.

Emergence of 'Equites'

  • New class emerged, focusing on business over political roles, conflicting with patricians.

Civil Conflicts

  • Political strife led to Sulla's dictatorship (82-79 B.C.E.) and subsequent violence.

  • Julius Caesar's rise and eventual assassination (45 B.C.E.) marked the end of the Republic.

Transition to Empire

  • Octavian (Augustus), Caesar's heir, became Rome's first emperor in 27 B.C.E.

Cultural Influence

  • Romans culturally dominated by Greek artistry despite military conquests.