Function of Relationship and Neuroendocrine Coordination

Function of Relationship

The function of relationship is the result of the combined action of coordination systems.
These systems ensure the survival of an individual in a changing and hostile environment.
They capture stimuli from both the internal and external environment using sensory receptors.
They develop the most effective responses for survival.

Stimuli: Changes in the conditions of the external and internal environment.
- Examples: light, temperature, information, chemical substances, etc.
Receptors: Structures responsible for capturing stimuli.
- Can be external (e.g., eyes, ears) or internal (e.g., glucose levels, pH levels).
Coordination Centers: Integrate information, process it, and develop coordinated responses.
Transmitters: Carry information from receptors to coordination centers and from there to effectors.
- This occurs through neurons via nerve impulses and neurotransmitters, or through hormones via the bloodstream.
Effectors: Structures specialized in producing responses.
- Examples: muscle contraction and glandular secretion.

The coordination systems consist of the nervous system and the hormonal or endocrine system.
These systems work together (neuroendocrine system) to control bodily functions.
They ensure that all systems of the body act in a coordinated manner.
They develop the most appropriate responses to adapt to new conditions.

Information travels to other cells through neurons via nerve impulses of an electrical nature and through neurotransmitters.
These responses are rapid but of short duration.

Glands of the hormonal or endocrine system send messages to other cells via hormones, which travel through the bloodstream.
They only act on cells that have the appropriate receptors (target cells).
These responses are slow but long-lasting.

Low temperatures stimulate the thermoreceptors in the skin.
These send messages to the hypothalamus, where the information is integrated, and responses are developed.
Responses are emitted by two types of effectors:
- Muscles: Shivering (involuntary), exercise (voluntary), and vasoconstriction (involuntary).
- Hormones: Adrenaline (epinephrine) and thyroxine, which increase metabolic activity and raise body temperature.

Input: Cold stimulates thermoreceptors in the skin.
Coordination: Hypothalamus (nervous system) integrates information.
Hormonal Response: Adrenal glands release adrenaline, and thyroid glands release thyroxine.
Effect: Increased metabolic activity and vasoconstriction leading to increased body temperature.