WEEK 2.2 Neoclassical Architecure

Overview of Architectural Styles

  • Key Architectural Styles Discussed:

    • Medieval Architecture

    • Renaissance Architecture

    • Mannerism

    • Neo-Classical Architecture

    • Early Christian

    • Romanesque

    • Byzantine

    • Gothic

    • Beaux-Arts Architecture

    • Baroque Architecture

    • Greek & Roman Architecture

Historical Timeline

  • Key Periods of Architectural History:

    • Medieval Architecture (5th-15th century)

    • Renaissance Architecture (14th-17th century)

    • Baroque and Rococo (17th-18th century)

    • Neo-Classical (18th century)

    • Industrial Revolution (late 18th century)

    • Modern Architecture (late 19th to 20th century)

    • Post-Modern Architecture (late 20th century)

Paradigm Shift in Architecture

  • Reason for Change from Traditional to Modern Architecture:

    • Shift in cultural, political, and technological landscapes

Traditional Influences

  • Intellectual & Cultural Shifts:

    • Influence of Mythology, Religions, and Philosophers (e.g., Plato, Aristotle)

  • Political Changes:

    • Transition from absolute rulers (Pharaohs, Emperors, Kings) to democratic systems post-French Revolution (1789)

  • Economic & Social Changes:

    • Transition from a two-class system (owners vs. farmers) to a middle-class society

Technological Advancements

  • Industrial Revolution (1760):

    • Invention of machines led to a materialistic view (influenced by Newton and Darwin)

    • New materials (concrete, cast steel) and construction technologies

    • Rise of capitalism, communication, and immigration

Characteristics of Modern Architecture

  • New Capabilities & Needs:

    • Development of new building types (factories, labor housing, expos)

    • Expansion of city scales and transportation systems

  • Contrast Between Traditional and Modern Architectures:

    • Traditional Architecture:

    • Exaggerated ornamentation and limited functions

    • Modern Architecture:

    • Clarity, no ornamentation, new uses, and building types

Neoclassical Architecture

  • Definition:

    • Architectural style from the Neoclassical movement (mid-18th century Italy and France)

  • Characteristics:

    • Symmetry and simple geometry prioritized over ornamentation

    • Emphasizes planar qualities instead of sculptural elements

    • Highly abstract and geometrically pure design

  • Prominent Structures:

    • Old Royal Palace of Greece (completed in 1843)

    • National Library of Greece (designed in 1829)

    • National University of Athens (operational since 1837)

Classical Orders of Architecture

  • Definition:

    • An order in architecture is a collection of parts with uniform established proportions

  • Types of Orders:

    1. Doric Order:

    • Characterized by a simple capital, frieze composed of triglyphs and metopes, and no base. The column shaft often has flutes.

    1. Ionic Order:

    • Notable for its volute or scroll-like capital, a base, and fluted shafts.

    1. Corinthian Order:

    • Recognized by an ornate capital with acanthus leaves, base, and also has fluted shafts.

  • Roman Innovations:

    • Introduction of the Tuscan Order (simpler version of the Doric) and the Composite Order (more ornate than the Corinthian).

Architectural Pediment

  • Definition and Function:

    • An architectural element developed in ancient Greece, used as embellishments over doors and windows

    • Originally structural and later became primarily decorative

Beaux-Arts Architecture

  • Overview:

    • Academic style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1830s - late 19th century)

  • Characteristics:

    • Combined French neoclassicism with Gothic and Renaissance elements

    • Utilization of modern materials, including iron and glass

    • Significant influence on architecture in the United States and beyond

  • Notable Examples:

    • Palace of Versailles (1661–1710)

    • Main triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire, Brussels

    • Bode Museum in Berlin, Germany

    • Senate of Canada Building in Ottawa

    • Casino de Madrid, Spain

Concluding Notes

  • The transition from traditional to modern architecture reflects broader socio-economic changes, technological advancements, and shifts in aesthetic values. The study of various architectural styles contributes to a deeper understanding of historical contexts and cultural expressions in built environments.