Nationalistic Propaganda: The Role of the National Film Board in Canadian Nationalism

Introduction

• Albert Ohayon: Curator of the English collection at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB).

• Focus of research: Long history of NFB and its role in linking diverse peoples and geographies in Canada.

• Importance of media in defining Canadian identity and nationalism.

The Early Years of the NFB

Formation and Purpose

• Established: May 1939 by an Act of Parliament.

• Common Misconception: NFB's creation tied solely to the war effort; actually aimed at establishing a film industry in Canada.

• Mandate: Create films about Canadians for both national and international audiences.

Early Films

• Focus: Depicted everyday Canadians and ordinary topics.

• Example: "The Case of Charlie Gordon" - a story about an unemployed young man finding an apprenticeship.

• Illustrative Title: "Maple Sugar Time" detailing the spring extraction of maple sugar.

Context of 1939 Canada

Social Disconnect

• Canada was a disconnected nation; regional knowledge and communication were limited.

• Lack of Media: Absence of television/internet restricted information flow; radio was the primary medium.

NFB's Role in Unity

• Aim to promote national unity by showcasing different regions and cultures.

• John Grierson: First film commissioner emphasized the need to connect regions through film.

Filmic Techniques and Themes

Techniques Used by NFB

• Common Man Focus: Films often highlighted teamwork and contributions of ordinary citizens.

• Representation of Women: Portrayal of women's contributions during wartime, both at home and in factories.

• “Voice of God” Narration: Dominant voice (e.g., Lorne Greene) provided authoritative reassurance through narration.

• Heroic Music: Victorious and dramatic soundscapes elevated emotional responses.

Recurring Themes

• Common Purpose: Emphasized that Canadians were united in working towards shared goals.

• Unity Across Regions: Portrayed French- and English-speaking Canadians as similar to foster national unity.

• Pride in Industrialization: Promoted Canada as a modern industrial nation despite its rural reality at that time.

• Community and Activism: Highlighting communal efforts in problem-solving.

• Democratic Values: Values emphasized in contrast to Axis powers during the war.

Democratic Propaganda

Definition and Objectives

• Democratic Propaganda: A means to educate the population and promote a hopeful future post-war.

• Aim to instill a sense of national pride and unity through shared messages.

Key Messages

• Emphasized the importance of common people and their contributions.

• Anti-fascist element: Although subtle, films conveyed a message against fascism.

• Example Film: "Hot Ice" showcased team spirit through hockey, ultimately portraying Canadian values.

Audience Connection and Distribution

Showing the Films

• Canada Carries On & The World in Action: Major series shown in theaters, circulating monthly.

• Rural Screenings: Travelling projectionists brought films to small towns, generating community engagement and discussions.

• Factory Screenings: Films shown during lunch breaks to keep workers informed and boost morale.

• Access to Films: Available through universities and film libraries for home viewing.

Propaganda Techniques

Dominant Methods

• “Voice of God” Narration: Used to assert authority and provide clear, optimistic messages.

• Script Writing: Careful crafting to reinforce optimistic themes and strived for clarity.

Challenges of Filming Practices

• One-sided message: Government-led narrative without diverse viewpoints or counterpoints.

• Omissions: Underrepresentation of Asian Canadians, Black Canadians, and discussions on social issues.

Representation of Indigenous Peoples

• Indigenous perspectives largely absent; portrayed through ethnographic lenses without giving voice to their experiences.

• Films showed Indigenous Canadians but often narrated from a white perspective.

Evolution of NFB's Role

Modern Changes

• Diversity in Voices: Current NFB films feature a range of perspectives including those from Indigenous, LGBTQ+, and diverse cultural backgrounds.

• Modern films aim to start discussions and engage rather than just inform.

Continuing Nation Building

• NFB's mandate retains its essence of creating films about Canada for Canadians.

• Importance of inclusive storytelling to reflect contemporary Canadian society.

Impact of Technology Changes

• Advances in technology since the 1960s allow for more dynamic storytelling and less scripted approaches.

• The focus has shifted to enabling individuals to express their experiences rather than controlling perspectives.