Impact of ICT Education Summary

Impact of ICT Education on Growth and Knowledge – Part 1

Introduction

  • Technology is crucial in education, serving as the modern "pen and paper" and a lens through which we experience the world.

  • Quote by David Warlick: "We need technology in every classroom and in every student and teacher's hand because it is the pen and paper of our time, and it is the lens through which we experience much of our world."

The Risk of Tech Predictions

  • Tech predictions can be flawed and risky.

  • Example: "A rocket will never be able to leave the Earth’s atmosphere" - New York Times, 1936.

Three Technological Drivers

1. Social Learning Platforms

  • The face of education transformed after the industrial revolution.

  • Evolution from one-to-one to one-to-many to many-to-many communication.

  • Advent of Many to Many: Every student is a teacher.

2. Personal Informatics

  • People are quantifying themselves through ranking, measuring, and achievements.

  • Examples:

    • World Gravity Guy Leaderboard

    • Nike personal informatics trend, tracking run data such as distance, time, pace and calories.

    • Philips DirectLife, measuring exercise.

    • Withings scale uploading weight to phone in real-time to connect cause and effect.

    • Zeo, tracking sleep quality, sleep duration, REM, light and deep sleep.

Educational Technology

  • Definition: The study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.

  • Types:

    • Educational Technology Software

    • Social Media Technology

    • Audio and Visual Technology

    • Virtual Classrooms

    • Whiteboards

    • Mobile Technology, Computers, and Tablets

Digital Around the World in 2020 (Statistics)

  • Total Population: 7.75 billion

    • Urbanization: 55\%

  • Unique Mobile Phone Users: 5.19 billion

    • Penetration: 67\%

  • Internet Users: 4.54 billion

    • Penetration: 59\%

  • Active Social Media Users: 3.80 billion

    • Penetration: 49\%

21st Century Student Outcomes and Support Systems

  • Core Subjects and 21st Century Themes

  • Learning and Innovation Skills

  • Information, Media, and Technology Skills

  • Life and Career Skills

  • Standards and Assessments

  • Curriculum and Instruction

  • Professional Development

  • Learning Environment

Essential Skills of 21st Century Learning

  • Connect

  • Collaborate

  • Create

  • Critical Thinking

  • Citizenship

  • Communicate

  • Curate

  • 21st Century Skills: A broad set of knowledge, skills, work habits, and character traits critically important to success in today's world.

    • Transferable skills applicable in all subject areas and educational/career settings.

SAMR Model

  • Developed by Ruben Puentedura, the SAMR model provides a framework for integrating technology in education.

Levels of SAMR Model
Substitution

  • Technology acts as a direct tool substitute with no functional change.

Augmentation

  • Technology acts as a direct tool substitute with functional improvements.

Modification

  • Technology allows for significant task redesign.

Redefinition

  • Technology allows creation of new tasks, previously inconceivable.

SAMR Model Example: Original Assignment - Handwritten Paper
Substitution

  • A Word Processor replaces a Pen/Pencil in a Writing Assignment.

Augmentation

  • A Word Processor and text-to-speech function are used to improve the writing process.

Modification

  • The document created using the Word Processor and text-to-speech function is shared on a blog where feedback can be received and incorporated to help improve the quality of writing.

Redefinition

  • Instead of a written assignment, students convey analytic thought using multimedia tools.

A Brief History of the Evolution of Classroom Technology

1860: One-room School Houses & The Blackboard

  • A single teacher taught academic basics to several grade levels of primary-age children.

1920: Radio

  • On-air classes became available for any student.

1930: Overhead Projector

  • Used to display images in the classroom.

1940-1980: Filmstrips

  • Still image instructional multimedia, once used by educators in primary and secondary schools.

1951: Videotapes

  • Magnetic tapes were used to store motion images and sound.

1954: B.F. Skinner's Teaching Machine

  • Its aim was to improve teaching methods for spelling, math, and other school subjects by using a mechanical device.

1960: Whiteboards

  • The replacement of blackboards with whiteboards started in the early 60's.

1964: BASIC Programming Language

  • John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the BASIC programming language to enable students to use computers.

1972

  • Scantrons: Scantron sheets were testing aids that turn exams into multiple guess puzzles using the method of data acquisition.

  • Handheld Calculator: Used by students for quick mathematical calculations.

1975: Apple 1

  • Apple Inc began donating Apple 1 model desktop PCs to schools.

1981: First Portable Computer

  • IBM introduced its first personal computer weighing 24 pounds.

1982: BBC Micro

  • BBC Micro was used in the creation of student's own programs.

1990: World Wide Web

  • The world wide web became available to students in schools.

1993: Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

  • A mobile device that functions as a personal information manager.

2002: Moodle LMS

  • Moodle is the largest open-source learning management platform in the world, used both for education and business.

2003: Social Media

  • MySpace was introduced first with Facebook and Twitter following. Many schools are restricting access to social media, while others have embraced them.

2010: iPads and Tablets

  • The popular tablet allowed pupils to record high-quality videos and podcasts, improve research on the Internet, create great reports, presentations, and many other things.

2012: Raspberry Pi

  • The pocket-sized computers are promoting the teaching of basic computer science in the classroom.

2015: BBC micro:bit

  • The ARM-based embedded system is used in computer education to encourage pupils to get involved in writing software.

Future Prediction: Virtual Reality and Learning

  • This could combine the best aspects of both real-world classrooms and distance e-learning into a single virtual learning management system.

What is E-Learning?

  • Definition: The use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere.

Traditional vs. E-Learning Approaches
Traditional Classroom

  • Physical – limited size

  • Synchronous

    Content: PowerPoint/Transparency/etc., Textbook/Library Video

    Collaboration

Personalization

  • One Learning Path

E-Learning Classroom

Classroom

  • Unlimited Anytime, anywhere

    Content

  • Multimedia/ simulation Digital Library

  • On Demand Synchronous And Asynchronous Communication

    Personalization

  • Learning Path and Pace Determined by Learner

E-Learning Advantages

  • CONVENIENT

    • Self-service (mix and match)

    • On demand (anytime, anywhere)

    • Private learning

    • Self-paced

    • Flexibility (modular package)

  • MEDIA-RICH

    • Easier to understand and more engaging

    • Repeatable – as many times as you like

  • -less administrative work

  • -can be more precise

E-Learning Benefits

  • Time and Cost Saving

  • E-learning can overcome the limitations of times, distances, and resources

  • E-learning is defined by some experts in two ways:

    • First, it includes all kinds of utilization of ICT in instruction.

    • Second, it is limited to the use of Intranet and internet in teaching-learning process.

Traditional Instructional Model vs. Digital-Age Learning Model

Traditional Instructional Model

  • One-size-fits-all instruction and instructional resources.

  • Advancement based primarily on time spent in class.

  • Fixed places and times for learning within school buildings.

  • Teacher-centered instruction, with teachers as expert disseminators of content to classes of students.

  • Printed, static text, often out-of-date, as the dominant content medium for educational resources.

  • End-of-course standardized assessments of learning, primarily for accountability.

  • Academics addressed in isolation, with schooling separated from informal learning experiences outside of school.

Digital-Age Learning Model

  • Personalized learning and flexible resources optimized for each student.

  • Advancement based on demonstrated mastery of the content and competency in applying what has been learned.

  • Anywhere and anytime learning, inside and outside of schools, 24/7, with most learning blending face-to-face and online activities.

  • Student-centered instruction, combining large group, small group, and individualized learning, with teachers serving as facilitators and coaches.

  • Digital content providing interactive, flexible, and easily updated educational resources.

  • Assessments integrated into learning activities to provide ongoing information about students' achievement that can be used to improve teaching and learning.

  • Project-based and community-based learning activities connecting to students' lives outside of school.

Different Kinds of Modality of Learning

  • Active Learning

  • Authentic Learning

  • Research-Based Learning

  • Problem-Based Learning

  • Project-Based Learning

  • Challenge-Based Learning

  • Hybrid Learning

  • Flipped Learning

  • Just-in-time Learning

  • Experiential Learning

  • Service-learning

  • Instructor-led Class

  • Collaborative Learning

  • Online Learning (E-learning)

  • Flexible Learning

  • Connectivism

  • Constructionism

  • Competency-Based Education

  • Self-organized learning environment

  • Makers Space

  • Gamification

  • Mastery Learning

  • Maieutic

  • Mentoring

  • Adaptive Learning

  • Learning with Wearable Technologies

  • Learning in Social Networks and Collaborative Environments

  • Mobile Learning

  • Ubiquitous Learning

  • Virtual Assistant

  • Peer learning

  • Case Method

  • Virtual Reality

  • MOOC

  • Big Data and Learning Analytics

  • Affective Computing

  • Massive Open Online Courses

  • E-Books

  • Personalized Learning Environments

  • 3D Printing in Education

  • Badges and Microcredits

  • Internet of Things

  • Remote and Virtual Laboratories

  • Augmented Reality

  • Open Educational Resources (OER)

  • Telepresence in Education

Active Learning

  • A student-focused teaching-learning strategy that promotes continuous participation and reflection by means of activities that are typically motivating and challenging, seeking to deepen knowledge, develop data search, analysis, and synthesis skills, and promote an active adaptation to problem-solving.

Authentic Learning

  • Type of learning, based on constructivist psychology, in which a student relates new information with information they already possess, readjusting and rebuilding both pieces of information in this process. The structure of the prior knowledge conditions new knowledge and experiences, and they, in turn, modify and restructure the former.

Research-Based Learning

  • Consists of the application of teaching-learning strategies that seek to connect research with teaching, which allows for the partial or total inclusion of the student in an investigation based on the scientific method, under the supervision of the teacher.

Problem-Based Learning

  • A didactic approach in which a small group of students meets with a tutor to analyze and propose a solution to a real or potentially real problem related to their physical and social environment. The objective does not focus on solving the issue but rather on using it as a trigger so that the students cover the learning objectives, and develop personal and social.

Project-Based learning

  • Didactic technique focused on the collaborative efforts of a group of students to design and develop a project as a way to achieve the learning objectives of one or more disciplines and to develop competencies related to the management of actual projects.

Challenge-Based Learning

  • A strategy that provides students with a general context where they, in a collaborative manner, must determine the challenge to resolve. Students work with their teachers and experts to solve this challenge in communities around the world and develop a deeper knowledge of the subjects they are studying.

Hybrid Learning

  • A formal educational program that combines online digital media with traditional classroom methods. It requires the physical presence of both teacher and student, with some element of student control over time, place, path, or pace, while maintaining the possibility of interacting with their teacher and classmates.

Flipped Learning

  • A teaching technique in which content is presented by means of videos that can be freely consulted online, while classroom time is devoted to discussion, problem-solving, and practical activities under the supervision and guidance of the teacher.

Just-in-time Learning

  • Learning system that delivers formative contents to students at the time and place of their choosing. Students can concentrate on just the information that they need to resolve issues, perform specific tasks, or quickly update their skills.

Experiential Learning

  • Learning model that implies living an experience in which the student can feel or do things that strengthen their learning.

Service-learning

  • Didactic technique that links two complex concepts: community action, the "service" and the efforts for learning from the action, connecting what is learned from it with already established knowledge, the "learning". Service-learning projects can be utilized to reinforce the contents of the course and to develop a variety of competencies in the student related to civic responsibility.

Instructor-led Class

  • Teaching model structured around the presentation of learning contents by the teacher. Students attend class for the presentation, study the contents and demonstrate their knowledge in the exams.

Collaborative Learning

  • The didactic use of small groups where the students work together to obtain the best learning outcomes in themselves and in others. It promotes the development of skills, attitudes, and values in students.

Online Learning (E-learning)

  • Teaching-learning processes conducted over the Internet. Synchronous and asynchronous communication maintains the instructional interaction between teachers and students. The student becomes the center of the training by having to self-manage its learning, with the assistance of tutors and colleagues.

Flexible Learning

  • It offers students options for when, where and how to learn. This flexibility can help students fulfill their particular needs. Flexible learning can include the use of technology for online studying, part-time studying, and studying the programs at a slower or faster pace, among other things.

Connectivism

  • A theory that states that learning occurs as result of many and diverse connections. The goal is to build networks, with the support of information and communication technologies, and generate new knowledge while learning.

Constructionism

  • Theory of learning that highlights the importance of action in the learning process. Students learn more effectively by building tangible objects thereby building on their own knowledge structures.

Competency-Based Education

  • Centered on student's learning and focused on the development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that must be demonstrated in a tangible manner and based on performance standards. The competencies allow the subject to have an active adaptation to the change process by developing comprehension and resolution of increasingly complex problems.

Self-organized learning environment

  • Teaching methodology where the educators are guides and observers of what happens in the session and the students themselves decide to begin the search for new concepts. The academic curriculum is based on questions that awaken the curiosity of the student, giving rise to investigative, autonomous, and collaborative work, so students can internalize the new knowledge, which can be reinforced by the educator.

Makers Space

  • A space in which students learn by making their own creations, using design software, as well as tools and equipment to develop their own projects in fields such as 3D printers, laser cutters, numerical control machines, welding equipment, and textiles.

Gamification

  • It involves the design of an actual or virtual educational environment to define tasks and activities using gaming principles. The goal is to take advantage of the natural predisposition of students towards gaming activities to enhance the motivation to learn, the acquisition of knowledge and values, and the development of competencies in general.

Mastery Learning

  • Modality of the teaching-learning process in which the contents are divided into learning units that clearly indicate the goals students must attain. Students work through each block of content in a series of sequential steps and must demonstrate a certain level of success in the mastery of the knowledge, prior to moving on to new content.

Maieutic

  • A method that consists of interrogating a person to make them attain knowledge by means of their own conclusions and not by means of learned knowledge and pre-conceptualized concepts. Maieutic is based on the intrinsic capacity of each individual, which assumes the idea that the truth is hidden inside oneself.

Mentoring

  • An interpersonal relationship that promotes the development of the student with the help of a person with greater experience or knowledge. The person that receives mentoring has traditionally been known as a disciple or apprentice.

Adaptive Learning

  • A method of instruction that uses a computer system to create a personalized learning experience. Instruction, feedback, and correction are adjusted based on the interactions of the student and the level of performance demonstrated.

Learning with Wearable Technologies

  • Learning strategy that incorporates the use of electronic devices in clothing and accessories worn by students with the purpose of performing a learning activity.

Learning in Social Networks and Collaborative Environments

  • Use of existing or proprietary platforms, often hosted in the cloud, that strengthen social and collaborative learning regardless of where the participants are located. It makes use of such different technological resources: social networks, blogs, chats, online conferences, shared board, wikis, among others.

Mobile Learning

  • Use of mobile technologies, such as portable computers, tablets, MP3 players, and smartphones for supporting the teaching-learning process. Access to educational resources can be made from the device that the student carries at all times.

Ubiquitous Learning

  • Educational strategy where learning happens anywhere and at any time thanks to the use of technologies that form part of our day-to-day activities in the most routine objects. These technologies make educational contents and activities available to students at all times.

Virtual Assistant

  • An artificial intelligence application capable of interacting with human beings in their own language. In education, a virtual assistant could facilitate interaction with the teacher and the student offering greater accessibility and improving the personalization of learning by providing information, tutoring, administering exams, and more.

Peer learning

  • A reciprocal learning experience that involves students sharing knowledge, ideas, and experiences among each other. It can be viewed as a strategy to take students from an independent form of learning to one that is interdependent or mutual.

Case Method

  • The case method is a didactic technique where students build their learning from the analysis and discussion of real-life experiences and situations. They are involved in a process of analysis of problematic situations for which they must propose a well-founded solution.

Virtual Reality

  • An immersive technological environment made up of a three-dimensional simulation in which the user involves several senses to interact with the simulation. The user feels like they are mentally immersed in the artificial medium.

MOOC

  • Big Data and Learning Analytics

  • Use of tools and techniques that handle large amounts of data on students available in learning platforms, entrance exams, academic history, interactions of students in discussion forums, library, among others. Handling the students' data makes it possible to determine their current learning status, formulate a forecast on their performance, and take corrective actions.

Affective Computing

  • A computer system capable of detecting the affective status of the users. This technology can have a major impact on education since learning is associated not only with cognitive skills but also emotions, expectations, prejudices, and social needs. There are many technologies that can be used to create an emotionally deep learning environment, for example, simulations, role-playing, language detection, facial recognition, among others.

Massive Open Online Courses

  • Online courses that use connectivism, a didactic strategy that has the potential for having thousands of participants in a single virtual space, which is accessible to anyone who has the Internet. Besides videos, readings, and learning activities, they provide forums where the teacher and the students engage in an exchange of knowledge.

E-Books

  • Electronic version of a book that can be accessed in computers and mobile devices, allowing the student to interact with the content in a more rewarding manner.

Personalized Learning Environments

  • These are systems that students can configure on their own to take control of and manage their own learning. This includes setting learning objectives, managing content, and communicating with other students. These environments can be comprised of one or several subsystems, for example, an LMS, blogs, feeds, etc. It can be a desktop application or comprised by one or more web services.

3D Printing in Education

  • Use of printers that allows students to create parts, prototypes, or volumetric models from a design made in a computer. Helps teachers and students to visualize in 3D concepts that are difficult to illustrate in another manner. Students can design and print their models, test and assess them, and, if they do not work, work with them again.

Badges and Microcredits

  • Badges are a mechanism for granting a certification to students for informal learning in the form of microcredits. Students can gather, organize and publish them to demonstrate their skills and achievements, in different websites, such as social networks, professional networks, and virtual communities, among others.

Internet of Things

  • Refers to the interconnection of day-to-day objects with the Internet. This interconnection allows the exchange of relevant data generated by devices, thus facilitating daily life. Applications of this technology are being developed in education. For example, a student can learn a language by touching physical objects, since the objects will reproduce their name by means of a message or voice.

Remote and Virtual Laboratories

  • Virtual laboratories are web applications that emulate the operation of an actual laboratory to practice in a safe environment. Remote laboratories provide a virtual interface to an actual laboratory. Students work with the equipment and observe the activities by means of a web camera from a computer or a mobile device, which allows them to have an actual viewpoint of the behavior of a system and access professional laboratory tools whenever they need them.

Augmented Reality

  • Use of technology that complements the perception and interaction with the real world and allows the student to superimpose a layer of information onto reality, thus providing richer and more immersive learning experiences.

Open Educational Resources (OER)

  • Teaching-learning resources open to the general public to be used freely and at no charge, with no start/closing date, allowing the participants to learn at their own pace. OER may include complete courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, videos, exams, software, and any other knowledge resource.

Telepresence in Education

  • The use of audiovisual technologies with educational purposes that allow students and teachers to interact in a remote, synchronic manner in conversations, classes, teamwork, among others.

Digital Intelligence Quotient (DQ)

Digital Citizen Identity

  • Ability to build and manage a healthy identity online and offline with integrity

Privacy Management

  • Ability to handle with discretion all personal information shared online to protect one's and others' privacy

Screen Time Management

  • Ability to manage one's screen time, multitasking, and engagement online with self-control

Cyberbullying Management

  • Ability to detect cyber-bullying situations and handle them wisely

Cyber Security Management

  • Ability to protect one's data by creating strong passwords and to manage various cyber attacks

Critical Thinking

  • Ability to distinguish between true and false info, good and harmful content, and trustworthy and questionable contacts online

Digital Footprints

  • Ability to understand the nature of digital footprints and their real-life consequences and to manage them responsibly

Digital Empathy

  • Ability to be empathetic towards one's own and others' needs and feelings online