Leadership

Concept of Leadership

  • Distinction Between Managers and Leaders

    • Managers execute tasks correctly (doing things right).

    • Leaders prioritize doing the right thing.

    • Quote from Warren Bennis on leadership.

  • Adolescent Development in Social Settings

    • Adolescents engage with peers, particularly in school and community.

    • Transition from high school to college accelerates social maturity.

    • Social interactions shape self-identity and enhance self-esteem, fostering relationship-building skills.

Goleman's Social Intelligence Theory

  • Overview

    • Emotional Intelligence expert Daniel Goleman proposes that our brains are inherently wired for social connection.

    • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for understanding social interactions.

    • Connections in the Brain

      • OFC interacts with the cortex, amygdala, and brain stem.

      • This area quickly evaluates emotions, thoughts about others, and influences behaviors.

Social Influence

  • Definition

    • According to Rashotte: Social influence encompasses behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and resources affecting beliefs and actions of others.

Varieties of Social Influence

  • Herbert Kelman's Classification

    1. Compliance

      • Agreement in behavior without genuine belief.

    2. Identification

      • Influence from someone admired, such as celebrities.

    3. Internalization

      • True ownership of beliefs and willingness to express them publicly.

Other Types of Social Influence

  1. Conformity

    • Change in beliefs or behaviors to align with a group.

    • Divided into:

      • Information conformity (internalization)

      • Normative conformity (compliance)

    • Strong among adolescents due to the desire for social acceptance.

  2. Conversion

    • Complete change in beliefs and behaviors to match a group's attitudes.

  3. Minority Influence

    • Smaller group influences the majority's beliefs or behaviors.

  4. Reactance

    • Rejection of imposed social influences; known as non-conformity.

  5. Obedience

    • Following directives from authority, may not reflect personal values.

    • Fueled by respect or fear of authority figures.

  6. Persuasion

    • Influencing others to change beliefs or behaviors through appeals to logic/emotion.

Leadership and Followership Theories

  • Leadership Definition

    • Action of guiding a group, noted by Chester Barnard's definition citing influence as essential.

    • Role of Leaders

      • Perceived as strong or wise, their influence encompasses various means of power (French and Raven, 1960).

Existing Theories of Leadership

  1. Trait Theory

    • Leadership defined by specific personality traits like decisiveness and persistence.

  2. Behavioral Theory

    • Leadership viewed as learned behaviors.

  3. Participative Theory

    • Engages others in decision-making, contrasting with autocratic styles.

  4. Situational Theory

    • No single effective leadership style; adapts based on situational factors.

  5. Transactional Theory

    • Focuses on negotiations and exchanges between leaders and followers, often using rewards and punishments.

  6. Transformational Theory

    • Centers on leaders inspiring followers with a compelling vision.

Authentic Leadership

  • Basic Axioms of Leadership (Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones, 2006)

    1. Leadership is Situational

      • Behavior is influenced by context; leaders must swiftly adapt to situations.

    2. Leadership is Not-Hierarchical

      • Effective leadership transcends formal positions; relies on various factors including skills and connections.

    3. Leadership is Relational

      • Mutual interests guide the leader-follower dynamic; leaders play varying roles from visionary to supporter.