Unit 03.2: The Revolution (1778-1783)

12/12/22

• women + role in the war   * added work at home     * work from son and husband when they went to war       * ex. farming, shopkeeping         * needed to do farming for food
• helped the patriot cause too   * made shoes, blankets, uniforms   * created for each militia unit   * prepared and sent supplies to local men serving in armies
• Elizabeth “Handy Betsy” Hager the Blacksmith   * natural at everything   * helped with weapons   * orphaned at 9   * like Rachel     * lived with a family and worked for them   * “bound girl” to a Boston family   * can:     * read, write, and make anything out of iron and wood   * helped the wounded after the concord   * retooled 50 yr old flintlock muskets + 6 British canons   * not much proof of this
• Betsy Ross (“fraud”)   * maker of the first American flag (no proof/unlikely)   * sewed flags for the Continental Army   * almost certainly didn’t design stars and stripes on the flag   * did make ruffles on Washington’s shirt   * confirmed to make ship colors for navy ships and privateers   * the current flag was designed by an anonymous congressional committee
• Flags

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12/13/22

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• Mary Ludwig Hays “Molly Pitcher”   * helped in Monmouth (1778)   * traveled with her husband     * most likely because the family didn’t have a farm to sustain themselves       * got supplement income for service   * helped unofficially   * a water carrier   * Britain abandons Philly because of the french     * had to look out behind because the french might take the sugar plantations       * Cornwallis meets Washington         * Battle of Monmouth           * hot (90 - low 100 degrees)             * water carriers give water               * Molly: women's status is unknown but you respect them               * pitcher: water pitchers             * the battle ended in a tie and Cornwallis goes to NY   * worked for canon people     * her husband worked for canons and fell over       * helped fire canons     * water wasn’t for drinking       * for the canon         * wash out the canon to prevent little fires inside
• Women in combat   * some women disguised themselves and joined the militia/army     * joined for bounty     * stay with husband     * patriotism       * Deborah Sampson qualified for a monthly payment (pension)         * got caught and kicked out           * hit in the leg with a bullet           * doctor probs saw no-no square           * didn’t want to go to doctors and got kicked out and had to go anyway
• Spirit of declaration   * gave women a voice   * wanted to speak out   * taking care of farms and supporting the revolution led to a sense of shared sacrifice   * long way to equal rights still   * republican motherhood     * women should serve as educators of young men in order to teach them to be productive       * embrace enlightenment ideas that fueled the concept of republican motherhood         * boys and girls   * people asked how can they have equal rights and slavery
• African Americans faced hard choices   * 3.5 million people: 450k enslaved   * 1/2 mil African Americans lived in the colonies

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• War in the west and at sea   * 3 frontiers: North, Middle, and South   * Sea
• Joseph Brant   * head of the Iroquois confederation   * sided with the British (F/I)     * hated France (F/I)   * good at being neutral (Iroquois)     * Brant: whose victory would be better for us? (British)   * a close friend to the British General in charge of the west   * never got married     * tons of lady friends though       * Ex. Molly Brant (his sister)         * knew the British General         * had 7 kids with her   * well educated (went to school in connecticut because of Molly’s connections with the British General)     * went to the school now known as Dartmouth College   * loyalist who rallied the Iroquois to fight with loyalists and british   * fought with cornwallis at long island   * independent America was dangerous   * Iroquois were split (some loyalists, some neutral, some patriots)   * led attacks against settlements (white and NA) in PA and NY   * Battle of Wyoming     * 360 colonial settlers died from loyalists and NA   * Iroquois six nations: Cayuga, mohawk, Tuscarora, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca
• West   * George Rogers Clark     * led VA frontier fighters against British       * aided by Miami Indians         * captured 2 major forts in Mississippi           * forced the British to surrender at Vincennes             * gave the land of Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, etc. to America               * would’ve become Canada
• South   * spain was interested in hurting the British anyway without getting caught   * helped the patriots   * Bernardo Galvez     * cattle & other stuff secretly   * 1779: Spain declared war against Britain     * Galvez seized british forts along Mississippi and the gulf of Mexico   * drove British out of west Florida   * British realized that the revolution was a world war
• sea   * boston: 3rd biggest ship producer     * ships were merchant ships though       * needed a militia navy         * privateers (do most of the fighting)           * tried to take merchant ships to stop the British from getting goods     * merchant ships were really weak → continental army wanted a navy
• John Paul (Jones)

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