World History AP Test Units 16-18 Notes

The Industrial Revolution

  • A series of new inventions and procedures designed to improve manufacturing and goods.
  • Began in Britain in the mid-1700s due to:
    • Natural resources (products from various climate zones due to colonies).
    • Geographical advantage (easy transport).
    • Population.

Textile Industry

  • Britain accelerated textile production (clothes, linen, etc.).
  • Textiles are made on looms (frames with threads).
  • Flying shuttles: quick, innovative; doubled weaver's output.
  • Increased demand for thread led to the invention of the spinning jenny in the 1760s, producing eight threads instead of one.
  • The water frame was created to operate the spinning jenny and other machines.
  • Power loom (1780s): could do the job of 200 hand weavers.
  • Shift from artisans to factory workers.

Economic Theory

  • More factories = more money = more economic theorists.
  • Adam Smith (1723-1790):
    • French Enlightenment thinker.
    • Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" in the 1770s, advocating economic liberty for economic progress.
  • Laissez-faire Capitalism:
    • French for "leave it alone."
    • Industry operates without government interference (taxes, safety regulations, wealth regulations).
    • Belief that minimal government regulation would bring more wealth to businesses.
  • Karl Marx (1818-1883):
    • German philosopher/economist.
    • Co-published the Communist Manifesto in the 1840s.
    • Introduced communism: property and production owned communally, not individually.
    • Observed workers' efforts not translating into benefits; advocated for profit-sharing and worker control of factories.
    • Believed the capitalist system would be overthrown by the working class.
    • Focused communism on workers; the collective term evolved into political communism.
  • Socialism:
    • Government controls certain industries (e.g., medical insurance in Sweden).
    • Communism can occur within socialism.
    • Capitalism regulates industries but does not allow government control.

Urbanization

  • People working together in specific settings like factories.

Imperialism

  • One state takes over another to form an empire (organized government).
  • Three forms:
    • Colonies.
    • Protectorates.
    • Spheres of influence.

Colony

  • A state governed internally by foreign powers.
  • Direct rulers: sent in to convert locals into an extension of foreign powers.
  • Indirect rulers: send in local, educated people to influence the region.

Protectorate

  • A country/region with its own internal government but under another's control (least invasive).

Sphere of Influence

  • A foreign power controls a section of a state, offering something in return.

Factors and Motives for Imperialism

  • Colonies provide workers, land, and resources (often at no cost).
  • More colonies = more money and resources.
  • Social Darwinism:
    • Based on Charles Darwin's natural selection ("Survival of the Fittest").
    • Herbert Spencer used it to rationalize societal takeover.
    • Strongest genes/genetic factors passed on, weakest die out.
  • Maxim Gun: A fast-paced gun useful in conquering lands.
  • Quinine: Medication that cured malaria; allowed Europeans to conquer tropical regions.
  • Advanced healthcare and science led to more conquered lands.

Berlin Conference (1884)

  • Solidified how Europeans would conquer the last lands in Africa.

Imperialism in Africa

  • Belgian Congo: A large colony in central Africa controlled by Belgium (1908-1960).
  • David Livingstone (1813-1875):
    • British minister interested in exploration.
    • Sought the source of the Nile River.
    • British publications funded trip for his observations.
    • Henry Stanley (1841-1904) found Livingstone in 1871.
  • King Leopold II (r.1865-1909):
    • King of Belgium.
    • Hired Henry Stanley in 1879 to find him a colony.
    • Profited from rubber (sap from trees).
    • Belgian Congo is an example of pure European domination.

Rules for European Conquest

  1. Tell other European countries intentions.
  2. Prove intentions of conquering lands.
  3. Keep intentions a secret from African states.

The Cape Colony

  • Dutch settlers or Boers (farmers) began settling in Africa in the 1650s.
  • In the early 1800s, gold and diamonds became popular.
  • British troops were sent to take land from Boers and Indigenous people.
  • Boer Wars (1880-1902): conflict arose, British won; South Africa formed.

Ethiopia

  • Freed slaves were often sent to Africa from the U.S., which contributed to the formation of Ethiopia.
  • Emperor Menelik II (r.1889-1913):
    • The British wanted a sphere of influence to grow sugar, coffee, etc., and in return, Menelik asks for weapons.
    • Italy, France, Russia, and Germany ask for the same, and Menelik requests the same back.
    • Built a modern army and successfully defended the country from Italy in 1893.
    • In 1896, Menelik defeated the Italians and maintained all power in Ethiopia.

Revolutions in Latin America

Spanish South America

  • Began under King Ferdinand VII (r-var. 1808-1833).
  • By his reign, Napoleon had already given up the Americas. Napoleon focused on conquering the Iberian Peninsula.
  • 1806: Napoleon sent troops into Spain.
  • 1808: Ferdinand ascended the throne.
  • Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844):
    • Problematic ruler.
    • People in Spanish colonies felt no connection to Joseph.
    • Limited political power and increasing education hinted toward revolution.
  • Small revolutions began, led by Creoles against Peninsulares and Spanish armies.
  • 1814: Joseph was removed, and Ferdinand ruled again, but Creole rebellion continued.
  • Simon Bolivar (1783-1830):
    • Wealthy Creole from Venezuela.
    • Built an army and liberated regions, forming Gran Colombia by 1819.
  • Jose de San Martin (1778-1850):
    • Argentinian.
    • Former soldier.
    • Gave control of his army to Bolivar.

Portuguese South America

  • Slaves, sugar, gold.
  • King John VI (r.1816-1825):
    • Napoleon wanted to do the same thing in Spain in Portugal, and the Portuguese royal family decided they were going to step in.
    • Prince John VI went to Brazil, making it the capital of the Portuguese empire.
    • 70,000 wealthy landowners petitioned for independence.
    • King's son, Dom Pedro (1798-1834), became king of independent Brazil.
    • Between 1800-1830, the map changed drastically because of this petition.

Impact of the United States

  • The U.S. saw the potential to mold its surrounding countries
  • The Monroe Doctrine (1823):
    • Made by President James Monroe as a sign to the European nations to stay out of the Western hemisphere.
    • Stopped Europe from colonizing the Western Hemisphere.
  • 1898: Spanish-American War; the U.S. took Cuba and Puerto Rico.
  • The U.S. firmly drenched itself into these countries to in a way mold them from within.

The Panama Canal

  • 1880s: A French company began building a canal in Panama.
  • 1903: The U.S. tried to continue it.
  • Offered Gran Colombia $10 million for the land, but they refused.
  • 1904: The U.S. helped Panama gain independence from Gran Colombia in exchange for the land.
  • Finished in 1914.
  • Money-making endeavor.
  • Roosevelt Corollary: The U.S. would engage in any conflict in the Western Hemisphere.

Mexico

  • Based on one of the Spanish vice royalties.
  • Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811):
    • Catholic priest.
    • Led peasants for freedom and liberty.
    • Attacked non-peasants in Mexico City.
    • Tortured and murdered in 1811.
  • Augustin de Iturbide (1783-1824):
    • Spanish Creole fighting for Spain.
    • Defeated Spanish rebellion in 1815 but was influenced by it.
    • Defeated the Spanish in 1821 and became emperor of Mexico.
  • Mexico often changed from an empire to a republic, and leaders were elected every 1-3 years.
  • Caudillos (Local leaders) gained power because the national level was neglected.
  • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (1794-1876):
    • Caudillo.
    • Became president in 1833.

Mexican Texans

  • Americans who farmed in the south, invited by Antonio.
  • Antonio wanted them to convert to Catholicism and forbade slavery.
  • The Battle of the Alamo (March 1836): Santa Anna fought against American colonists and destroyed them.
  • Americans defeat Santa Anna in April 1836 (Battle of San Jacinto).
  • 1845: The Republic of Texas was annexed to the U.S.
  • 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the U.S. more land.
  • 1855: Santa Anna was overthrown.
  • Bentino Juarez (r-var. 1858-1872):
    • Was president of Mexico.
    • The caudillos felt that with him in charge, the peasants were influencing the country.
  • Napoleon III of France appointed Maximilian Emperor (r.1864-1867).
  • Porfirio Diaz (r-var. 1876-1911):
    • Did nothing for peasants and was an absolute ruler.
  • Pancho Villa (1878-1923):
    • Led his rebel army into banks and robbed them.
  • 1911: Porfirio Diaz was thrown out and replaced by Fransico Maduro (r.1911-1913).
  • Victoriano Huerta (r.1913-1914):
    • Tried to bring back Diaz’s policies.
  • Venustiano Carranza (r.1917-1920):
    • Turned against the peasants.
  • After his assassination in 1920, the constitution passed.
  • Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919):
    • Southern Mexico
    • Led his rebellion to take the land of large plantations to distribute land amongst peasants