Lab 1: Introduction and Epithelial Tissues - Vocabulary Flashcards

General Lab Rules & Info

• Be on time and ready.
• Materials remain in prep room: models, slides, bones, etc.
• Use the prep room to review for quizzes and practicals.
• Safety: biohazard bags, eye wash stations, shower/bath station.

Introduction

• Anatomical Position - $5$ Criteria
  • Body is in an upright stance with feet together or slightly apart.
  • Head is level and eyes facing forward.
  • Palms facing forward with thumbs pointed away from the body.
  • Optional standard notes: arms at the sides; toes pointing forward.
  • (The exact five criteria are summarized in course materials; the key idea is a fixed reference pose for describing location.)

Directional Terms

• Directional terms (overview):
  • Cephalic: toward the head or superior end
  • Rostral: toward the forehead or nose
  • Ventral: toward the front (belly)
  • Dorsal: toward the back (spine)
  • Anterior: toward the ventral side
  • Posterior: toward the dorsal side
  • Superior: above
  • Inferior: below
  • Medial: toward the median plane
  • Lateral: away from the median plane
  • Proximal: closer to the point of attachment or origin
  • Distal: farther from the point of attachment or origin
  • Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body
  • Contralateral: on opposite sides of the body
  • Superficial: toward the body surface
  • Deep: farther from the body surface
• Human-specific note: an asterisk on some terms indicates definitions differ in non-human animals.
• Examples of usage (selected from Table A.1):
  • The aorta is ventral to the vertebral column.
  • The vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta.
  • The sternum is anterior to the heart.
  • The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
  • The brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube.
  • The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem.
  • The spinal cord is caudal to the brain.
  • The heart is superior to the diaphragm.
  • The liver is inferior to the diaphragm.
  • The heart is medial to the lungs.
  • The eyes are lateral to the nose.
  • The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
  • The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers.
  • The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix.
  • The spleen is contralateral to the liver.
  • The skin is superficial to the muscles.
  • The bones are deep to the muscles.

Anatomical Planes and Sections

• Key terms:
  • Plane: an imagined flat surface through the body.
  • Section: a slice through the body along a plane.
  • Sagittal: vertical plane dividing left and right.
  • Midsagittal (median): sagittal plane that passes along the midline.
  • Parasagittal: sagittal plane offset from the midline.
  • Frontal (Coronal): divides anterior and posterior portions (brain-specific notes).
  • Transverse (Horizontal): divides superior and inferior portions.
• For reference, common sections shown: (a) Sagittal, (b) Frontal/Coronal, (c) Transverse.

Body Regions

• Region vs Cavity: a region is a broader surface area; a cavity is a body space that houses organs.
• Abdominopelvic quadrants: $4$ quadrants
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
• Abdominopelvic regions: $9$ regions arranged as:
  • Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac
  • Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar
  • Right inguinal, Hypogastric, Left inguinal
• Axial region vs Appendicular region:
  • Axial: head, neck, trunk
  • Appendicular: limbs (upper and lower)
• Upper limb regions (examples): Acromial, Axillary, Brachial, Antebrachial, Cubital, Carpal, Manus, Digital
• Lower limb regions (examples): Femoral (thigh), Inguinal, Gluteal, Tibial (Crural/Leg), Popliteal, Tarsal, Pes, Digital
• Anterior (ventral) regions: Cranial, Nuchal, Interscapular, Scapular, Vertebral, Lumbar, Sacral, Gluteal, Perineal, Femoral, Crural, Tarsal, Plantar
• Posterior (dorsal) regions: Cranial, Nuchal, Interscapular, Scapular, Vertebral, Lumbar, Sacral, Gluteal, Perineal, Femoral, Popliteal, Crural, Tarsal, Calcaneal

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Membranes: sheets of tissue that secrete a protective fluid; often double-layered; composed of visceral and parietal layers.
• Dorsal cavity: includes the cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) canal.
• Ventral cavity: includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
• Organs lie within cavities and are lined/covered by membranes that reduce friction and provide stability.
• Example figure reference: Fig A.5.

Organ Systems

• Integumentary system
  • Principal organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
  • Principal functions: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
• Skeletal system
  • Principal organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments
  • Principal functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance
• Muscular system
  • Principal organs: skeletal muscles
  • Principal functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production
• Lymphoid system (Lymphatic/Immune)
  • Principal organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
  • Principal functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
• Respiratory system
  • Principal organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
  • Principal functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
• Urinary system
  • Principal organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  • Principal functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification
• Nervous system
  • Principal organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
  • Principal functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation
• Endocrine system
  • Principal organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
  • Principal functions: hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination
• Circulatory system
  • Principal organs: heart, blood vessels
  • Principal functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
• Digestive system
  • Principal organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
  • Principal functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; cleansing of blood
• Male reproductive system
  • Principal organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, penis
  • Principal functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
• Female reproductive system
  • Principal organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
  • Principal functions: production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones

Histology

• The Study of Tissues.
• Tissues: a group of similar, specialized cells.
• Hierarchy of organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs.
• Tissue terms to know: Cytology, Histology, Histopathology.

4 Primary Tissue Types

• To Know for each Tissue Type:
  • Name / Characteristics
  • General function
  • Location
• Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.
• Key characteristics of epithelial tissues (from course notes):
  • Covers all inner & outer body surfaces; lines body cavities; external & internal linings of viscera; most glandular tissue
  • Flat sheet of closely adhering cells joined by junctions
  • Avascular – no direct blood supply
  • Regenerates – replacement of older/damaged cells
  • Basement membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue
  • Has a polar orientation: basal surface and apical surface; may have cilia or microvilli
• Functions of epithelial tissues:
  • Physical protection from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction
  • Absorption of substances by diffusion
  • Secretion of substances synthesized by the cells
  • Sensation via extensive nerve endings
• Naming of epithelial tissues (2–3 names per tissue):
  • 1st word indicates number of cell layers: Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
  • 2nd word indicates shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
  • 3rd word indicates additional features: Keratinized, Non-keratinized (and other descriptors as applicable)

Epithelial Tissues (examples and features)

• Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Structure: single row of thin, flat cells
  • Function: diffusion and reduced friction; secretion of serous fluid
  • Location: alveoli of lungs; lining of blood vessels; Bowman's capsule (renal) is shown in figures
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
  • Structure: single row of cube-shaped cells
  • Function: absorption and secretion; mucus production
  • Location: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules
• Simple Columnar Epithelium
  • Structure: single row of tall, narrow cells; often with microvilli; basal nuclei
  • Function: absorption and secretion
  • Location: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidneys; goblet cells in respiratory mucous membranes
• Pseudostratified Epithelium
  • Structure: single row of ciliated cells; some cells do not reach the free surface, giving a stratified appearance
  • Function: secretion and propulsion of substances (e.g., mucus); some sperm transport
  • Location: respiratory tract (nasal cavity to bronchi); portions of male urethra
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium – Keratinized
  • Structure: multiple layers; deepest layers cuboidal/columnar; superficial layers dead and filled with keratin
  • Function: protection against mechanical/ chemical stress; reduces water loss
  • Location: skin (epidermis)
• Stratified Squamous Epithelium – Nonkeratinized
  • Structure: multilayered; lacks keratinized layer; moist and slippery
  • Function: protection against stress; keeps surfaces moist
  • Location: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina
• Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
  • Structure: two or more cell layers; apical cells cube-shaped
  • Function: secretion
  • Location: ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, ovaries, testes
• Stratified Columnar Epithelium
  • Structure: two cell layers; superficial cells are columnar; deeper cells are not
  • Function: protection; lines excretory ducts
  • Location: salivary gland ducts; pharynx; anus
• Transitional Epithelium
  • Structure: multilayered; cells change shape with stretch
  • Function: allows stretching and recoil; protects urinary tract
  • Location: urothelium; ureters; umbilical cord
• Lab note: the rest of the lab period emphasizes studying all $9$ epithelia (simple squamous, simple columnar, simple cuboidal, stratified squamous, bladder, trachea/esophagus, ciliated epithelium, transitional epithelium, pigmented epithelium of skin); learn appearance, functions, and locations; draw what you see; Quiz 1 next lab.

Lab Exercises and Assignment

• Review and study plan for all epithelia listed above.
• Practical quiz scheduled for the next lab session.
• Complete any associated lab exercises and assignment as instructed in the course Materials.