AP Psych Learning

variable-ratio schedule

operant conditioning reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses/ slot machine

extinction

the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer fallowed by the us/ in operant conditioning it occurs when a response is no longer reinforced

Higher- order conditioning

pairs an established conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus may cause the latter to become a weak conditioned stimulus

variable- interval schedule

operant conditioned responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time

Fixed- interval schedule

operant conditioning response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed

observational learning

learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others

classical conditioning

pavlovian conditioning neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response ofter having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus

generalization

the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response

discrimination

classical conditioning: ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from similar stimuli that do not signal a unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning: refers to responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced

operant conditioning

type of learning which works on behaviors that operate on the environment/ unlike classical conditioning which works on automatic behaviors

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period

continuous reinforcement

operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. In promoting the acquisition of a new response it is best to use continuous reinforcement

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittently. A response that has been partially reinforced is much more resistant to extinction than one that has been continuously reinforced

punishment

operant conditioning presentation of an adverse stimulus which decreases the behavior it follows

cognitive map

a mental picture of one's environment

latent learning

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

primary reinforcers

inborn and do not depend on learning

negative reinforcement

operant conditioning strengthens a response by removing an adverse stimulus after that response

positive reinforcement

operant conditioning strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response

reinforcer

operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

shaping

operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

unconditioned response (UR)

classical conditioning unlearned, involuntary response to the unconditioned response

unconditioned stimulus(US)

in classical conditioning the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

classical conditioning originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

classical conditioning learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus which results from the acquired association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

learning

any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

delayed conditioning

in pavlovian conditioning, learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus is presented and continues until the organism begins responding to the unconditioned stimulus

trace conditioning

the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

temporal conditioning

The US is presented at regularly-timed intervals, and CR acquisition is dependent upon correct timing of the interval between US presentations. The background, or context, can serve as the CS in this example.

simultaneous conditioning

in pavlovian conditioning, learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus

blocking effect

The failure of a second CS to become classically conditioned because the first CS blocks the second one in eliciting a CR.

contiguity vs contingency

the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related vs. dependence on chance or on the fulfillment of a condition

secondary reinforcer

stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events