career final
Trait-and-Factor Theory:
-Among the earliest theories
-Vocational guidance is accomplished by studying the individual, then surveying occupations, then matching the individual with the occupation.
-Became the foundation of programs in the early 20th century
Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) Counseling:
-also called the theory of work adjustment
-Broader level of Person-Environment-Correspondence was added in 1991
-PEC theory emphasizes that work is more than a task-oriented procedure, and that it includes human interactions; sources of stress and rewards and many other psychological variables.
Holland's Model:
-Proposed that personality types can be arranged in a coded system
-His modal-personal-orientation themes such as R (realistic occupation), I(investigative), A(artistic), S(social), E(enterprising), and C(conventional) comprise his main theory
Social Learning and Cognitive Theories:
-These theories focus on a wide range of variables that affect career choice and career maintenance over the life span
-Social conditioning, social position, and life events are thought to significantly influence career choice.
-Individuals are thought to be influence by many factors including genetic endowments and special abilities, contextual experiences, learning experiences and skills learned.
Krumholtz's Learning Theory of Career Counseling:
-first proposed in 1975
-LTCC (Learning theory of career counseling)
-Based primarily on life events that are influential in determining career selection
Happenstance Approach Theory:
-The primary premise suggests that chance events over one's life span can have both positive and negative consequences.
Cognitive Information Processing Perspective:
-Applied to career development in terms of how individuals make a career decision and use information in career problem solving and decision making
-The major strategy of career intervention is to provide learning events that will develop the individual's processing abilities.
Social Cognitive Perspective:
-The study of cognitive variables and processes has become a popular topic for researchers, who apply these to the study of career development
-Key constructs: self-efficacy, outcomes expectations, and personal goals
Person-in-Enviornment Perspective:
-Focuses attention on contextual interaction over the life span
-Clients are viewed as products of an environment that is very inclusive but also unique
-Several environmental systems such as family, church, neighborhood, friends, workplace, community agencies, etc., all affect work choice
Integrating Career and Personal Counseling:
-Work is core element of an individual's everyday existence
-It gives meaning to the many facets of each person's life and should be addressed more aggressively in the counseling profession
-How to effectively integrate an individual's career and personal concerns
A holistic counseling approach:
-What is being suggested is a holistic counseling approach that is much more inclusive when addressing client concerns.
-The call for the counseling profession to integrate career and personal counseling was heightened in the 1990s.
Counseling:
-Counselor and client should work together to develop the client's self and situational knowledge as shaped in person-in-environment interactions
-Personal problems cannot be separated from career problems because they are intertwined
-Career counseling is a highly personal matter that includes the multidimensional self and its relationship to life and work.
Biopsychosocial Model:
-The contributions of cognitive science and neuroscience have underscored the position that the interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences are recognized as major forces that drive behavior
-There are interrelationships of personal and career problems and that affect multiple life roles.
Development of Dysfunctional Personality Dimensions:
-All life roles are adversely affected by personality dimensions that could lead to psychological disorders
-the interrelationships of career and personal concerns are obvious
-Career, affective, cognitive-behavioral and cultural dimensions are all interrelated
Career-work connection to anxiety:
-anxiety and tensions can often result in confusion and increase one's vulnerability to develop a psychological disorder.
Addressing an anxiety disorder with systemic desensitization:
-systematic desensitization is a progressive muscle relaxation technique
-one reduces anxiety through muscle relaxation while visualizing anxiety-provoking events
-a relaxed state of mind inhibits severe reactions to stress.
Career information resources and learning platforms:
-occupational structure and job demand have changed in the last three decades with the birth of new technologies
-technology has provided the tools for innovative learning delivery systems that should help workers develop skills and increase and broaden general and industry-specific knowledge.
Computer assisted career guidance (CACG):
-evaluating the effectiveness of computer-assisted career guidance systems is an ongoing process undertaken by many counseling professionals and universities
-beginning in the 1980s, research was published regarding this effort
-DISCOVER, system of interactive guidance and information(SIGI), and SIGI plus
-All systems were rated as highly useful
Cautions when using computers:
-one major concern is confidentiality
-confidentiality abuses are more likely wit electronic data
-the potential for violation of confidentiality is increased through inappropriate access to client records, e-mail correspondence, client case notes and client assessment information
-solutions include encryption programs, changing passwords frequently and converting messages into code
Advantages of computer assisted career guidance systems:
-people of all ages have become more computer literate with the ever-increasing use of the internet
-the interactive capability of computerized systems allows users to become more actively involved in the career guidance process
-user motivation is sustained through the unique use of immediate feedback
Advantages of computer assisted career guidance systems:
-The opportunity to individualize the career exploration process provides
a way to personalize career search strategies
-Computer assisted career guidance systems provide systematic career
exploration
-Access to large databases of up-to-date information for local, state,
national and international locations is immediately available
DISCOVER:
-Originally designed to assist high school and college students in making career choices
-Published by the American College Testing Program
-Available in a compact disc-interactive format
SIGI:
-
System of Interactive Guidance and Information and SIGI Plus
Another computerized program
Five SIGI subsystems:
◦ Values
◦ Locate
◦ Compare
◦ Planning
◦ Strategy
SIGI Plus also contains a self assessment tool, search information, skills,
preparing, coping, deciding and next steps to help students prepare for
a career
Important to remember:
-
The first steps in planning a career tool to use are the most important
◦ Develop a program evaluation
◦ Look at available software
◦ Look at software integration
◦ Comprehensive staff training
◦ Trial use
Organizing career information:
-
An often-overlooked role of the career counselor is that of organizing
career information that has consistently become more complex
◦ Career and Life Planning
◦ Occupations
◦ Education and Training
◦ Work Experience
◦ Job Hunting
◦ Employer Information Resources
Career counseling for individuals with disabilities:
-
The focus should be on the unique identity of a person rather than on a
label
◦ Label implies that everyone with that particular label is alike and has a
separate status from the general population
The Americans with Disabilities Act:
-
Signed into law on July 26, 1990
Title III regulations require public accommodations, commercial
facilities and private entities to make reasonable modifications of
policies, practices and procedures that deny equal access to individuals
with disabilities
Generally defined as a person who has a physical or mental impairment
that substantially limits one or more “major life activity” or has a record
of such impairment
Special problems and needs of individuals with disabilities:
-The problems and needs associated with disabilities can be very
inclusive and pervasive
Adjusting to Physical Trauma
Feelings of Inferiority and Negative Stereotypes
Focus on School Dropouts
Goals of Helpers
Multicultural Issues
Implications for career counseling:
-
Counselors must adopt proactive roles
Counselors should support community education and training programs
to foster acceptance in the work world
Programs that assist educators, families and employees in working with
individuals with disabilities can be invaluable in reducing existing
physical and psychological barriers
Educate and counsel individuals with disabilities in public schools:
-
In the early 1800s some states established residential schools for the
education of students with disabilities
Their education has not always been part of public school
In 1975 the Education For All Handicapped Children Act was passed by
Congress
Goals are facilitated by Individual Education Plans for children (IEPs)
Privately supported rehabilitation agencies:
-
Among the most widely known is Goodwill Industries
◦ It trains people who have disabilities to work
◦ It provides a wide range of activities including classroom instruction,
sheltered workshops, therapy, counseling and placement
◦ Goodwill also provides educational skills training programs
◦ Most age groups can be served by privately supported, non-profit
rehabilitation agencies
State rehabilitation programs:
-
The purpose of State Rehabilitation programs is to provide counseling
and other services to individuals who have a disability
Eligibility is generally determined by two criteria:
◦ Each person must have a disability that results in a substantial handicap to
employment
◦ Vocational rehabilitation services must reasonably be expected to benefit
the person relative to employability
Career transitions and job loss:
-
Job Loss Concerns
Personal and career problems associated with job loss
Counseling interventions for adults in transition
There is a growing need for programs and strategies to assist adults in
career transition
Some individuals decide to make career changes and some are forced
into it
Adults in transition:
-
Job loss concern: clients who have lost their jobs due to a recession and
remain unemployed are likely to experience some psychological effects
of job loss and the stress that is associated with the job search
Reevaluation of skills and job goals follows
Psychological effects can be very pervasive
There are differences associated with age and gender
-
Manage to keep a healthy sense of urgency
Carefully review career options
Recognize that you must accept the necessity of change as soon as
possible
Stopgap employment should be approached with caution
Focus on realistic goals and make plans to achieve them
Interventions for adults in career transition:
-
There are enough distinct differences and factors involved in career
transition to merit the development of specific programs
Identifying developed skills, interests, work experiences and
reformulated goals are examples of program strategies for the adult in
career transition
Counselors must focus on individual needs
Workers must be flexible and willing to accept new work environments
Job loss concerns:
-
Job loss and subsequent job searches can be psychologically stressful
Individuals must reevaluate their skills and goals
Middle-aged men tend to react more negatively to unemployment than
do older and younger men
Women who lose their jobs report a greater decline in general health
than men do
Why do we need to work?:
-
A daily time structure that is devoted to working
Shared experiences and interactions with cohorts and others outside
the nuclear family
The opportunity to express purpose and life goals
Reinforcement of personal status and identity
Participation in activities associated with work that is viewed as a
necessity in the give and take of daily life
Interest Identification:
-
Measured interests have been used primarily in predicting job
satisfaction in career counseling programs
We must also be concerned with interests and their relationship to
potential occupational choices
Interest Identification can broaden and stimulate adults’ exploratory
career options
Skills identification and Development:
-
Identifying skills based on previous experiences in work, hobbies, social
activities, community volunteer work and other leisure experiences
Self estimates of ability
◦ List specific work tasks
◦ Identify functional, adaptive and technical skills for each work task
◦ Relate each to personal styles
Value and needs clarification:
-
Must incorporate the client’s total lifestyle
This intervention focuses on the individual adult’s values and needs
Individualized values and needs are considered in relation to multiple
life roles of work, leisure and family
Values clarification exercises are suggested
Education and training:
-
Education or training is a high priority among adults in career transition
Exposure to education/training opportunities should enhance the
opportunities and options in career decision making
Other interventions:
-
Occupational Planning
◦ Focus on providing information to assist the adult in making the most
effective use of occupational information
Life Learning Plan
◦ Self directed
◦ Decision making techniques and life planning exercises provide two methods
of developing effective planning
Retraining Workers
◦ Industrial organizations have a long history of training workers as a vital part
of their career development
