Quarter Two Test Prep

  • What are the Major Functions of Blood?

    • Transportation of nutrients & waste, fluid, pH, body temp, immune response

  • Another Name for RBC?

    • Erythrocyte

  • Role of Hemoglobin in Tissue Oxygenation?

  • What Blood Type Is Someone Who Has a B Surface Antigen?

    • Type B

  • Another Name for WBC?

    • Leukocytes

  • 3-Step Process of Hemostasis?

    • Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug, Clot Formation

  • Difference Structurally Between Arteries & Veins?

    • Veins are thinner, while arteries are thicker

  • Which Formed Element of Blood Causes Blood Clot?

    • Platelets

  • Role of Blood Capillaries?

    • It acts as a site for nutrient & waste exchange between blood & interstitium


  • Define the Cardiac Cycle.

    • Ordered sequence of atrial & ventricular contraction & relaxation in one heartbeat

  • What is the Importance of Valves in the Heart & Blood Vessels?

    • To prevent backflow of blood

  • Where in the Circulatory System is Blood Pressure Highest?

    • Aorta

  • Blood Coagulation

    • Blood clotting, Hemostasis

  • Correct Order of the Nerve Conduction Pathway in the Heart?

    • SA Node

    • AV Node

    • AV Bundle

    • Right & Left Branch Bundles

    • Purkinje Fibers

  • Describe Blood Pressure. What is an ‘Average’ Healthy BP? What BP Level Requires Treatment?

    • 120/80mmHg is good, 140/90mmHg needs treatment (damage predictable at 115+/75+mmHg

  • What are the Layers of the Heart? What are the Layers of the Pericardium?

    • Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

    • Fibrous & Pariteal

  • How is Cardiac Same/Different as Smooth & Skeletal?

    • Striated like SKELETAL, involuntary like SMOOTH

  • What Blood Vessels Supply Oxygenated Blood to Myocardium?

    • Coronary Arteries


  • Possible Causes of Anemia?

    • Blood Loss, Accelerated Destruction of RBCs & Suppressed Production of RBCs

  • Difference Between a Thrombus & an Embolus?

    • Embolism can be either debris or clot & is travelling, while, a thrombus is a lodged clot

  • Underlying Cause of Hemophilia?

    • Von Willibrand Disease

  • Main Symptoms of Anemia

    • Pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, arrhythmia, cardiomegaly

  • Where are New Blood Cells Formed?

    • Bone marrow

  • What Area of the Body is Affected by Leukemia? What Components of the Blood are Affected by Leukemia?

    • Blood, but can spread- WBCS


  • Is Hot or Cold Contraindicated in Raynaud’s Disease?

    • Cold

  • What are Varicosities? What Type of Massage Techniques Should be Avoided?

    • Permanently destined, twisty ropy superficial veins- avoid the area & deep pressure

  • What Blood Vessels are Most Affected by Varicosisities & Where are They Located?

    • Superficial veins, typically in the legs

  • What Blood Pressure is Considered Hypertensive? What is the Average?

    • 140/90mmHg - 120/80mmHg is normal

  • What is Peripheral Resistance in Blood Vessels?

    • Resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the smaller blood vessels

  • What is an Aneurysm? What Areas of the Body are Affected?

    • A permanent bulge in the wall of a blood vessel or heart (at the aorta & brain)

  • Main Mechanisms for Venous Blood Return


  • Congestive Heart Failure? What Changes Occur to the Myocardium in Congestive Heart Failure?

  • What Part of the Artery is Affected by Atherosclerosis

    • the tunica media

  • Hematoma:

    • Bruising

  • Stenosis:

    • a narrowing of the aortic valve opening

  • Hemorrhage:

    • acute loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel

  • Ischemia:

    • Lack of oxygen due to restriction in blood supply to tissue

  • Infarct:

    • Area of dead tissue resulting from lack of blood supply



  • Define:

    • interstitial fluid

      • Fluid surrounding cells of body tissues

    • interstitial space

      • Space between blood vessels & cells

    • Intracellular

      • Found inside cells, making up 2/3 of bodies total fluid volume

    • Extracellular

      • Other 1/3 of fluid found in the interstitium, blood, & lymph

    • Edema

      • Build up of excess fluid

  • What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

    • Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, carry out immune response

  • What are the primary lymphatic catchments? Where in the body are they located?

    • “Catch” fluid from specific regions; slows rate of flow

      • Axillary Nodes, Cervical Nodes, Ingunial Catchment, Popliteal Catchment

  • What functions of the body does manual lymph drainage therapy promote?

    • Emphasizes opening of lymphatic vessels

  • Where is the lymphatic terminus located?

    • The neck

  • What are the anatomical structures of a lymph node?

    • Are there more afferent or efferent vessels?

      • Small, specialized lymphoid organs; capsule, trabeculae, nodules. There are more afferent vessels

  • What is the order of lymph movement through the lymphatic vessels?

    • Is the lymphatic network an open or closed system?

      • Open system: Capillaries - Lymphatic Vessels - Trunks/Ducts - Subclavian Veins

  • What parts of the body are drained by the thoracic duct? the right lymphatic duct?

    • Thoracic: Left side of head, neck, chest, upper limbs & entire body below limbs

    • Right: Upper right side of body



  • Define

  • Pitting edema

    • Unresolved traumatic edema; causes depressions in the skin for minutes after pressure is removed

  • Lymphangitis

    • Inflammation of lymphatic vessels

  • What are the 2 contributing factors of edema?

    • Mechanical & Chemical

  • What are the different types of edema?

    • Peripheral: Extremities

    • Pulmonary: Lungs

    • Lipedema: Enlargment of fat cells

    • Lymphedema: Accumulation of protein-rich hydrophillic ISF

    • Cerebral: Skull

    • Macular: Eyes

    • Traumatic: Injury

    • Pitting

  • What causes the swelling in edema?

    • Excessive accumulation of Interstitial fluid in tissue space

  • What are the best massage techniques to use in edema?

    • Effluerage & Petrissage as they can help to move interstitial fluid elsewhere