Exhaustive Study Guide: Companions, Wives, Descendants, and Scribes of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Early Caliphs and Prominent Male Companions

• Hazrat Abu Bakr ibn Uthman (RA):

  • Originally named Abdul Kaaba, he was renamed Abdullah by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
  • Born in $573\text{ AD}$ (two years after the Prophet), belonging to the Banu Taym clan of the Quraysh tribe in Makkah.
  • His father was Uthman (known as Abu Quhafa) and his mother was Salma.
  • Became a successful cloth merchant traveling to Syria and Yemen for trade. He was literate (rare at the time) and managed dispute settlements and blood money cases in Makkah.
  • Led a clean life avoiding idol worship and gambling, sharing a close childhood friendship with the Prophet and helping arrange the Prophet's marriage to Khadijah (RA).
  • First free adult male to accept Islam. The Prophet stated: "Whenever I invited someone to Islam, they hesitated, but Abu Bakr believed me without question."
  • Instrumental in converting major early figures: Uthman bin Affan (RA), Zubair bin Awwam (RA), Talha bin Ubaidullah (RA), Saad bin Abi Waqas (RA), Abdul Rahman bin Awf (RA), Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA), and Khalid bin Saeed (RA).
  • Faced intense persecution; defended the Prophet at the Kaaba against Makkan attackers shouting: "Would you kill a man for saying that Allah is his Lord?"
  • Beaten unconscious by attackers; upon waking, his first words were: "How is the Prophet? Is he safe?" and he swore, "I won't eat or drink until I see the Messenger of Allah."
  • Used his wealth to buy and free tortured slaves, including Hazrat Bilal (RA), Ammar bin Yasir (RA), Abu Fukayha (RA), Lubaynah (RA), Zunairah (RA), Nahdiyyah (RA), and Umm Ubais (RA).
  • Attempted migration to Abyssinia; reached Bark-ul-Ghamad where Ibn-ud-Daghna (chief of the Qaara clan) offered him protection and brought him back to Makkah.
  • Honored with the title Atiq ("free from Hell-fire").
  • Earned the title Al-Siddique ("The Testifier of Truth") for accepting the event of Mairaj without demanding logic or proof.
  • Sole companion during the Hijrah; hid in the Cave of Thawr for $3\text{ days}$. His son Abdullah brought Makkan news, his daughter Asma (RA) prepared food, and his servant Amir bin Fuhayrah tended flocks to conceal their tracks.
  • In the cave, he covered holes with his clothes and body. When bitten by a snake, he remained completely still so as not to wake the Prophet resting on his lap. His tears woke the Prophet, who healed the bite using his saliva. Mentioned in Quran $9:40$: "Be not sad (or afraid), surely Allah is with us…".
  • Purchased the land for Masjid-e-Nabwi in Madinah from two orphans and assisted in its construction.
  • Paired with Kharijah bin Zaid (RA) to establish brotherhood between Muhajirun and Ansar.
  • His daughter Ayesha (RA) married the Prophet, strengthening their bond.
  • Regarded by Hazrat Ali (RA) as the bravest companion for guarding the Prophet the night before Badr when others hesitated.
  • Stood in the protective circle of $11\text{ companions}$ around the Prophet during Uhud, and among the $7\text{ companions}$ who stayed close during Hunain.
  • Contributed all his wealth for the Tabuk expedition. When asked what he left for his family, he replied: "Yes! The name of Allah and His Messenger."
  • The Prophet noted regarding his virtue: "Umar's total good deeds in his lifetime cannot compare to Abu Bakr's one night spent protecting me in the cave of Thawr."
  • Appointed leader of the Hajj caravan in $9\text{ A.H.}$ leading $300\text{ companions}$ while the Prophet met visiting delegations.
  • Led $17\text{ prayers}$ during the Prophet's final illness.
  • Comforted the grieving community upon the Prophet's death stating: "Whoever worships Muhammad (PBUH), Muhammad is no more, but whoever worships Allah, Allah is eternal."
  • Unanimously chosen as the first Caliph, leading the Muslim community with fairness and unity.

• Hazrat Umar ibn Khattab (RA):

  • Born in $584\text{ AD}$ in Makkah to the powerful Quraysh tribe.
  • Renowned for physical strength, bravery, intelligence, and literacy.
  • Initially opposed Islam fiercely due to the social divisions it caused. Set out to kill the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
  • The Prophet prayed: "O Allah! Strengthen Islam by converting either Umar bin Khattab or Amr bin Hasham (Abu Jahal)."
  • En route to execute his plan, learned his sister Fatimah and her husband Saeed bin Zaid had accepted Islam. Found them studying Quran with Khabbab (RA). Struck them, but his sister declared: "Do whatever you want, Umar, but we will never give up our faith."
  • Deeply moved, he purified himself and read verses from Surah Taha, recognized the truth of Islam, and embraced the faith at Dar-e-Arqam.
  • Enabled Muslims to pray publicly at the Ka'bah for the first time.
  • Given the title Al-Farooq ("the one who distinguishes right from wrong").
  • Openly declared his migration to Madinah, stating: "If anyone wants his mother to lose her son, let him try to stop me!"
  • His daughter Hafsah (RA) married the Prophet in Madinah.
  • Co-taught the words of Adhaan with Abdullah bin Zaid (RA) in $1\text{ AH}$.
  • Protected the Prophet at Uhud, fought in Badr and Trench, and donated half his wealth during the Tabuk expedition.
  • Questioned the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya but accepted it once reassured it was Allah's command.
  • Expressed opposition to leading funeral prayers for the hypocrite Abdullah bin Ubayy; his stance was subsequently confirmed by revelation in Quran $9:84$: "And never (O Muhammad) pray (funeral prayer) for any of them who dies, nor stand at his grave…".
  • Overcome with grief upon the Prophet's passing, shouting: "Whoever claims that the Prophet (PBUH) is dead, I will rip his head off!" until calmed by Abu Bakr (RA).
  • Pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (RA) as the first caliph and advised the compilation of the Quran into a single volume following the martyrdom of memorizers at Yamamah.
  • The Prophet said of him: "If there were to be a prophet after me, it would be Umar, but I am the last messenger of Allah."

• Hazrat Usman ibn Affan (RA):

  • Born in $579\text{ AD}$ into the Banu Umayyah clan; mother Arwa was from Banu Hashim.
  • Wealthy merchant who maintained high integrity and avoided vices prior to Islam.
  • Accepted Islam through Abu Bakr (RA), becoming the first convert from Banu Umayyah.
  • Tortured by his uncle, who locked him in a room without food or drink until he fainted.
  • Married Ruqayyah (RA), daughter of the Prophet, and made the first migration to Abyssinia. Returned after two years on false rumors of Quraysh conversion, then migrated to Madinah, earning the honor of "double migration".
  • Purchased the sole drinking water well (Ruma) in Madinah from a Jewish owner for $20,000\text{ dirhams}$ to make it free for Muslims, receiving glad tidings of Paradise.
  • Donated $1,000\text{ dinars}$ and $200\text{ camels}$ loaded with dates for the Tabuk expedition, prompting the Prophet to state: "Nothing is going to harm Uthman (RA) from today regardless of whatever he does."
  • Donated an entire food caravan during a severe famine under Umar's caliphate; earned the title Al-Ghani ("The Generous").
  • Missed the Battle of Badr to nurse his dying wife Ruqayyah (RA). Following her death, married the Prophet's second daughter, Umm-e-Kulthoom (RA), earning the title Zunnurain ("Possessor of Two Lights").
  • After Umm-e-Kulthoom died in $9\text{ A.H.}$, the Prophet remarked: "If I had any other daughter, I would have given her in marriage to Uthman."
  • Acknowledged by the Prophet for extreme modesty: "Even angels appear with modesty in front of Uthman."
  • Sent as an emissary to Quraysh before the Treaty of Hudaibiya; rumors of his murder prompted the Prophet to collect the pledge of Bait-e-Rizwan.
  • Nominated as one of six council members by Umar and subsequently chosen as the $3\text{rd}$ Caliph.

• Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA):

  • Born in $601\text{ AD}$ to Abu Talib (uncle and guardian of the Prophet).
  • Raised directly in the Prophet's household alongside Khadijah (RA); first child to accept Islam.
  • Stood by the Prophet during early preaching to the Banu Hashim despite widespread mockery.
  • Slept in the Prophet's bed on the night of Hijrah to mislead Quraysh assassins while securing and returning people's entrusted valuables; later joined the Prophet at Quba.
  • Defeated Walid bin Utbah in a duel at Badr; defeated Amr bin Abdood at the Trench; protected the Prophet at Uhud.
  • At Khyber, after Muslims siege failed for $20\text{ days}$, the Prophet announced: "Tomorrow, I will give the flag to someone who will be granted victory by Allah, and who loves Allah and His Apostle and is loved by them." Cured Ali's eye ailment with saliva and assigned him the banner. Ali killed Marhab (Jewish chieftain) and captured the fort, earning the title Asadullah ("Lion of Allah").
  • Served as deputy of Madinah during the Tabuk expedition.
  • Acted as chief scribe for the Treaty of Hudaibiyah.
  • Appointed Qazi (Judge) of Yemen, with the Prophet praying: "O Allah! Put truth on his tongue, and enlighten his heart with the light of guidance."
  • The Prophet stated: "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate."
  • Performed the ritual washing of the Prophet's body and lowered him into the grave.
  • Advised Caliph Umar to establish the Islamic Hijri Calendar and set the penal punishment for alcohol consumption at $80\text{ lashes}$.
  • Narrated $500\text{ Ahadis}$ and actively legislated Islamic legal jurisprudence.

The Ten Blessed Companions (Ashara Mubashara) & Prominent Warriors

• Talha bin Ubaydullah (RA):

  • Born in $594\text{ A.D.}$ in Makkah (Banu Taym clan). Father: Ubaidullah bin Uthman; Mother: Sa'bah. Grandnephew of Abu Bakr (RA).
  • At age $17$, learned of the final Prophet from a Christian priest in Busra. Converted via Abu Bakr (RA) as one of the first $8\text{ converts}$.
  • Tortured by Quraysh non-believers but refused to renounce his faith.
  • Intercepted the Prophet and Abu Bakr migrating to Madinah in $622\text{ A.D.}$ while returning from Syria; delivered goods in Makkah then joined the migration.
  • Missed the Battle of Badr because the Prophet sent him on a spying mission to track Abu Sufyan's caravan, but was granted equal spiritual rewards and booty.
  • At Uhud, shielded the Prophet with his body, sustaining severe wounds and losing fingers. Lifted the Prophet out of a ditch. The Prophet declared: "If someone wants to see a living martyr he should see Talha."
  • Donated heavily during the Tabuk Expedition, receiving the title Fayyaz ("Generous").
  • Declined candidacy among the $6\text{ caliphate nominees}$ after Umar's death.
  • Demanded Qisas for Uthman's death; negotiated peace with Ali at the Battle of Camel, but was mortally wounded by a rogue poisonous arrow to the knee.
  • Hazrat Ali led his funeral prayer, weeping and quoting the Prophet: "Talha and Az-Zubair are my neighbours in Paradise."

• Hazrat Zubair Ibn Al-Awwam (RA):

  • Born in $594\text{ A.D.}$ to Awam bin Khuwaylid (Banu Asad) and Safiya bint Abdul Mutalib (Banu Hashim, aunt of the Prophet).
  • Fifth person to embrace Islam, converting via Abu Bakr (RA). Migrated to both Abyssinia and Madinah.
  • Drew the very first sword in Islam when he falsely heard the Prophet had been attacked in Makkah, marching out to defend him.
  • Severely wounded at Badr; acted as a human shield at Uhud.
  • Volunteered for dangerous reconnaissance on Banu Quraiza during the Battle of the Trench, prompting the Prophet to say: "Every Prophet has a companion, and my companion is Zubair."
  • Defeated and killed Yasir (brother of Marhab) at the Khyber Expedition.
  • Declined his nomination on the council of six to choose Umar's successor.
  • Jointly led movement with Talha and Ayesha demanding Qisas for Uthman; martyred at the Battle of Camel ($656\text{ A.D.}$).

• Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA):

  • Born in $583\text{ AD}$ (real name Amir) into the al-Haris ibn Fihr clan of Quraysh.
  • Converted via Abu Bakr; migrated to Abyssinia in the second group and later to Madinah ($622\text{ AD}$), paired with Maaz bin Jabal (RA).
  • Faced his own father in combat at Badr and killed him for the cause of Islam.
  • At Uhud, extracted two embedded iron helmet links from the Prophet's cheeks using his teeth, losing his two front teeth.
  • Assigned to lead and teach the delegation of Najran. Given the title Ameen-ul-Ummah ("Custodian of the Community"). Prophet stated: "Every community has a custodian, and the custodian of my community is Abu Ubaidah (RA)."
  • Solved succession disputes at Saqifah Bani Saida by convincing the Ansar to pledge loyalty to Abu Bakr.
  • Appointed military commander of Syrian/Palestinian forces; conquered Damascus and defeated $100,000\text{ Roman troops}$ at Ajnadayn. Later replaced Khalid bin Walid as commander-in-chief.
  • Died of the plague in Syria in $18\text{ A.H.}$ ($639\text{ AD}$) at age $58$ after refusing to leave his troops. Buried in Jordan.

• Hazrat Abdul Rahman bin Awf (RA):

  • Born in $589\text{ AD}$ (originally named Abdul Amr; renamed Abdul Rahman by the Prophet). Converted via Abu Bakr as the $8\text{th}$ convert.
  • Made double migrations to Abyssinia, then migrated to Madinah. Paired with Saad bin Rabi (RA), who offered half his wealth; Abdul Rahman declined, asking only for the direction to the market, and built a massive trading business from scratch.
  • Defended Umayyah bin Khalaf at Badr due to a prior pact, getting injured while trying to save him.
  • Donated $700\text{ camels}$ with goods at once; donated $1,500\text{ camels}$ to the army; pledged $400\text{ dinars}$ to each Badr survivor and left a large legacy to the Prophet's widows.
  • Sent to command an expedition to Doma-tul-Jandal against the Kalb tribe. Received the Prophet's military decree: "Take it Ibn Awf; fight everyone in the way of God and kill those who disbelieve in God. Do not be deceitful with the spoil; do not be treacherous, nor kill children. This is God's ordinance and the practice of His prophet among you." Defeated Kalbites and collected Jizya.
  • Refused the Caliphate post after Umar's death; selected Uthman bin Affan as Caliph.
  • Died in $31\text{ A.H.}$ at age $75$; buried in Jordan.

• Hazrat Saad bin Abi Waqas (RA):

  • Member of Banu Zuhra clan; maternal uncle of the Prophet. The Prophet remarked: "This is my maternal uncle; let a man see his maternal uncle."
  • Converted via Abu Bakr. His mother undertook a hunger strike to force his apostasy, but he stood firm.
  • Skilled archer; became the first Muslim to shed blood for Islam in $614\text{ AD}$ when he struck an idolater mocking Muslim prayers on a hill.
  • First Muslim to shoot an arrow in military conflict.
  • At Uhud, the Prophet encouraged his archery saying: "O Saad! Shoot arrows, may my mother and father be sacrificed on you."
  • Appointed commander-in-chief of Persian campaigns under Umar. Defeated Sassanid empire at the Battle of Qadisiyyah, directing the battle from a rooftop due to severe illness. Conquered Madain and led Friday prayers at the White Palace of Khusro Parvaiz.
  • Governor of Kufa for $4\text{ years}$ under Uthman.
  • Withdrew completely from civil strife (Camel and Siffin) to Aqeeq. Died in $55\text{ AH}$ ($674\text{ AD}$) at age $80$; buried in Al-Baqi.

• Hazrat Saeed Bin Zaid (RA):

  • Born in $593\text{--}594\text{ AD}$. Son of Zaid, who followed the monotheistic Deen-e-Hanif of Ibrahim and rejected idol worship/infanticide. Nicknamed Abu-al-Aawar.
  • Converted before age $20$. Married Fatimah (sister of Umar bin Khattab). Their beating by Umar directly led to Umar reading Surah Taha and converting.
  • Migrated to Abyssinia and Madinah. Missed Badr while spying on enemy movements with Talha, but given full Badr status and rewards.
  • Participated in Uhud, Trench, Banu Quraizah, Hudaibiyah, Khyber, Makkah, and Hunain.
  • Early secretary writing down Quranic revelations. Commander at Battle of Yarmouk under Umar.
  • Appointed Governor of Damascus against his personal wishes; requested Abu Ubaidah to relieve him so he could return to combat service.
  • Avoided political strife; died at age $79$ in Aqeeq during Muawiyah's reign. Washed by Saad bin Abi Waqas; funeral led by Abdullah bin Umar.

The Mothers of the Faithful (Wives of the Prophet)

• Hazrat Khadijah (RA):

  • Born in $556\text{ AD}$ to Khuwailid bin Asad (who died in Battle of Fijar). Titles: Ameerat-Quraish ("Princess of Quraysh"), Tahira ("The Pure"), and Al-Kubra ("The Great").
  • Previously married to Atiq, then Abu Hala (had two children: Hala and Hind).
  • Elite merchant in Makkah. Hired Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to lead her merchant caravan to Syria alongside her servant Maysarah.
  • Maysarah reported the doubling of trade profits and noted the Prophet resting under a tree where only prophets rested.
  • Proposed marriage through her friend Nafisah to Abu Talib. Married when the Prophet was $25$ and Khadijah was $40$. Lived together for $25\text{ years}$.
  • Mother to all the Prophet's children except Ibrahim: sons Qasim and Abdullah, and daughters Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthoom, and Fatimah.
  • Used her entire fortune to fund Islam and ransom tortured slaves. Suffered alongside the Prophet during the $3\text{-year}$ boycott in Shi'b-e-Abi Talib.
  • Wrapped the trembling Prophet in blankets after the first revelation at Hira, reassuring him: "Allah will never disgrace you. You unite with family, support the weak, help the poor and needy, welcome guests, and remain strong on the path of truth." Introduced him to her scholar cousin Waraqah bin Naufal.
  • First human to accept Islam. Died in the $10\text{th year}$ of Prophethood (Aam-ul-Huzn or Year of Sorrow); buried in Jannat-ul-Mala.
  • Prophet said: "The Noblest women of the world are Maryam (AS) and Khadijah (RA)."

• Hazrat Sawdah (RA):

  • Daughter of Zam'ah bin Qais and Shamos (Bani Najjar).
  • Previously married to Sakran bin Amr; early converts who joined the 2nd Abyssinian migration ($101\text{ people}$). Sakran died after returning to Makkah. Had one son, Abdul Rehman.
  • Proposed by Khawlah bint Hakim after Khadijah's death to care for the Prophet's young daughters (Umm-e-Kulthoom and Fatimah). Nikah performed by her father with a dower of $400\text{ dirhams}$.
  • Brought to Madinah post-Hijrah by Zaid bin Haritha and Abu Rafay.
  • Known for humor and deep devotion; once told the Prophet after a long rukoo that she held her nose fearing it would bleed, making him laugh.
  • Processed Ta'if animal skins and gave earnings to charity. Gave her personal night-turn with the Prophet to Ayesha (RA).
  • Died in $22\text{ A.H.}$ during Umar's caliphate. Transmitted $5\text{ Hadiths}$ ($1$ recorded in Sahih Bukhari).

• Hazrat Ayesha Bint e Abi Bakr (RA):

  • Daughter of Abu Bakr and Zainab Umm-e-Roman. Married in Madinah in $2\text{ AH}$ (the only virgin wife married by the Prophet).
  • Assisted wounded soldiers and provided water during Uhud.
  • Supreme female scholar; narrated $2,210\text{ Hadiths}$. Abu Musa Ashari stated: "Whenever we had a problem to tackle, we always found relief in Hazrat Ayesha (RA)."
  • Falsely accused by hypocrites during the return from Banu Mustaliq; vindicated directly by Allah in Surah Noor ($24:11\text{--}20$).
  • The losing of her necklace on a journey directly precipitated the divine revelation of Tayammum (dry ablution).
  • The Prophet passed away in her apartment, resting in her arms, and was buried directly inside her room.
  • Led political opposition demanding Qisas for Uthman's murder, leading to the Battle of the Camel.
  • Passed away on $17\text{th Ramadan, 58 AH}$. Stated in her will: "Do not follow my bier with a fire nor lay a red velvet piece."

• Hazrat Hafsa bint e Umar (RA):

  • Born $5\text{ years}$ before Prophethood during the rebuilding of the Kaabah to Umar bin Khattab and Zainab bint-e-Maz'oon.
  • Widow of Khunais bin Hazafa Sahmi, who died from severe Badr battle wounds.
  • Married the Prophet in Sha'ban of $3\text{ AH}$.
  • Narrated $60\text{ Hadiths}$. Her questioning of the Prophet regarding his oath to abstain from honey (at Zainab bint Jahsh's house) led to the revelation of Surah At-Tahrim ($66:1$).
  • Custodian of the original primary compilation of the Quran (Mus'haf-e-Hafsah) produced under Abu Bakr, which she later lent to Uthman for standardized empire-wide publication.
  • Died at age $62$ in $45\text{ AH}$ during Muawiyah's reign; buried in Jannat-ul-Baqee.

• Zainab Bint e Khuzaymah (RA):

  • Born $595\text{ AD}$ to Khuzaimah bin Harith. Known as Umm-ul-Masakeen ("Mother of the Poor").
  • Widowed twice by fallen warriors: Ubaidah bin Harith (Badr) and Abdullah bin Jahash (Uhud).
  • Married the Prophet in $3\text{ AH}$; died just a few months later at age $30$. First wife buried in Jannat-ul-Baqee, with the Prophet leading her funeral prayer.

• Hazrat Umme Salama (RA):

  • Real name Hind bint Abu Umayya (Banu Makhzoom clan). Father known as "Aid of Travelers".
  • Widowed in $4\text{ A.H.}$ when her husband Abu Salma died of Uhud wounds. Declined proposals from Abu Bakr and Umar; married the Prophet in $4\text{ A.H.}$
  • Narrated $378\text{ Hadiths}$.
  • At the Treaty of Hudaibiyah, when companions hesitated to shave heads and exit Ihram, she sagely advised the Prophet to lead by example without speaking. The companions immediately followed.
  • Interceded for the three boycotted companions of Tabuk (Murarah bin Rabi, Hilal bin Umayyah, Ka'ab bin Malik).
  • Verse of Purification revealed in her household.
  • Died in $62\text{ A.H.}$ at age $88$ (lived $51\text{ years}$ after the Prophet). Funeral prayer led by Abu Hurairah.

• Hazrat Zainab Bint e Jahash (RA):

  • Born $590\text{ AD}$ (originally named Burrah; titled Umm-ul-Hakam). Daughter of Jahsh and Umaymah bint Abdul Muttalib (paternal aunt of the Prophet).
  • Married first to Zaid bin Haritha (the Prophet's adopted son). Following their divorce, Allah commanded her marriage to the Prophet in Surah Al-Ahzab to dismantle ancient Arab taboos regarding adopted sons' former wives.
  • Boasted to other wives: "You were given in marriage by your families, while I was married (to the Prophet) by Allah from over seven Heavens."
  • Titled "the one with long hands" due to vast charitable work and leather craftsmanship. Verses of Hijab were revealed during her Valima feast.
  • Narrated $11\text{ Ahadis}$. Died in $20\text{ A.H.}$ during Umar's caliphate (first wife to die after the Prophet, fulfilling his prophecy).

• Hazrat Jaweriyah bint e Harith (RA):

  • Daughter of Harith bin Abi Dirar (Chief of Banu Mustaliq).
  • Captured during the Expedition of Banu Mustaliq ($5\text{ A.H.}$) at the well of Muraysi' following the death of her husband Musafi' bin Safwan. Assigned to Thabit bin Qais.
  • The Prophet paid her ransom, freed her, and married her at age $20$. Upon the marriage, companions freed $600\text{ Banu Mustaliq captives}$ out of respect for the Prophet's in-laws.
  • Ayesha stated: "I do not know of any woman who brought more blessings to her people than Jaweriyah…"
  • Taught the special dhikr prayer by the Prophet: "Subhanallahi wa bihamdihi, 'adada khalqihi, wa ridha nafsihi, wa zinata 'arshihi, wa midada kalimatihi."
  • Narrated $7\text{ Ahadith}$. Died $50\text{ A.H.}$ at age $65$; buried in Baqee.

• Hazrat Umme Habiba Bint e Abu Sufyan (RA):

  • Real name Ramla; daughter of Quraysh leader Abu Sufyan, sister of Muawiyah.
  • Migrated to Abyssinia with husband Ubaidullah bin Jahsh. Husband apostatized to Christianity; she divorced him and remained steadfast in Islam.
  • Prophet sent a proposal via Negus (King of Abyssinia), who conducted the ceremony and paid the maximum dower of $400\text{ dinars}$.
  • When her pagan father Abu Sufyan visited her in Madinah, she folded up the Prophet's mattress to prevent him sitting on it, stating: "You are a polytheist and hence impure. This is the pure and clean bed of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)."
  • Narrated $65\text{ Ahadith}$. Died $45\text{ A.H.}$ at age $73$ in Madinah.

• Hazrat Safiyah bint Huyay (RA):

  • Real name Zainab. Daughter of Huyay bin Akhtab (Chief of Banu Nadhir) and Birrah (Banu Qurayzah).
  • Widowed at Khyber ($7\text{ A.H.}$) when husband Kinanah bin Abi Al-Haqeeq was killed. Selected from captives by Dahiya Kalbi, then exchanged for $7\text{ slaves}$ by the Prophet, who freed and married her at age 17$.\n - During the rebel siege of Caliph Uthman (35\text{ A.H.}), attempted to bring food and water on her mule; blocked by rebel Malik Ashtar, she arranged for Hassan bin Thabit to deliver supplies.\n - Narrated 10\text{ Ahadith}$. Died$50\text{ A.H.}$at age$60; buried in Baqee.\n\n- Hazrat Maimunah bint Al-Harith (RA):\n - Real name Barra (Banu Hilal clan). Sister-in-law to Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib and Khalid bin Walid.\n - Married the Prophet in 7\text{ A.H.}$at Sarf ($10\text{ miles} from Makkah) during Umrah; the last woman the Prophet married.\n - Aunt and teacher to scholar Abdullah ibn Abbas. Ayesha noted: "Maimunah was more God-fearing and kind-hearted than all of us."\n - Narrated 76\text{ Ahadith}$. Died$51\text{ A.H.} at Sarf and buried on that exact site.\n\n- Hazrat Rehana bint Shamoon (RA):\n - Member of Jewish tribe Banu Quraizah. Captured after their siege, freed, accepted Islam, and married the Prophet. Died 10\text{ years} after the Prophet.\n\n- Hazrat Maria Qibtiya (RA):\n - Gifted to the Prophet by Maqauqis (Ruler of Egypt) following the Treaty of Hudaibiyah. Converted to Islam on her journey to Madinah.\n - Bore the Prophet's son, Ibrahim. Her sister Sirin married poet Hassan bin Sabit (RA). Died 5\text{ years} after the Prophet; buried in Baqee.\n\n# Descendants of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)\n\n- Daughters of the Prophet:\n - Zainab (RA):\n - Eldest daughter of the Prophet and Khadijah (RA), born years before Prophethood.\n - Married her cousin Abul Aas (son of Khadijah's sister). Gifted a distinct necklace by Khadijah upon marriage.\n - Abul Aas initially refused Islam but refused Quraysh demands to divorce her, declaring: "I will not prefer any other woman over Zainab as she is the noblest lady".\n - Abul Aas fought for Quraysh at Badr and was captured. Zainab sent her mother's necklace as ransom. Moved to tears, the Prophet released Abul Aas without ransom on the condition that Zainab migrate to Madinah.\n - During her migration, attacked by non-believer Hammad bin Aswad, who struck her off her mount, causing a fatal miscarriage and lifelong internal injuries.\n - Reunited with Abul Aas 6\text{ years} later when he embraced Islam in Madinah.\n - Died in 8\text{ A.H.} from migration attack complications. Prophet said: "She was my best daughter, for she has suffered much on my account."\n - Mother of Ali and Umamah (whom the Prophet carried on his back while prostrating in prayer).\n - Hazrat Ruqayyah (RA):\n - Second daughter; initially married to Utbah bin Abu Lahab before Islam, who divorced her under Abu Lahab's orders upon open preaching.\n - Married Uthman bin Affan (RA). Praised by the Prophet as the "first couple to migrate in the way of Allah after Ibrahim and his wife."\n - Bore a son named Abdullah, who died at age 6$.
  • Fell severely ill during Badr ($2\text{ AH}$); Uthman was excused from combat to nurse her. Died and buried in Baqee just as Zaid bin Haritha arrived with news of Badr's victory.
  • Hazrat Umme Kulsoom (RA):
  • Third daughter; initially married to Utaybah bin Abu Lahab, who divorced her under Abu Lahab's command.
  • Endured the Banu Hashim boycott; cared for Fatima after Khadijah's death.
  • Married Uthman (RA) after Ruqayyah's death. Died in $9\text{ A.H.}$ while Uthman was participating in the Tabuk expedition.
  • Fatimah (RA):
  • Youngest daughter, born $5\text{ years}$ after first revelation. Extremely close to her father; manually removed camel intestines thrown on the Prophet's neck by Uqba bin Abu Muit during prayer.
  • Married Ali (RA) in $2\text{ A.H.}$. Ali sold his Badr armor shield to pay for the simple household setup. Haritha bin Nauman provided their home.
  • When Ali contemplated marrying Abu Jahal's daughter, the Prophet stated: "Fatimah is a part of my body, whoever grieves her grieves me."
  • When asking for a servant for her sore hands caused by grinding grain, taught Tasbeehat-e-Fatimah: $33\text{ times}$ Subhan Allah, $33\text{ times}$ Alhamdulillah, and $34\text{ times}$ Allahu Akbar after every prayer.
  • Titled "Leader of the women in Paradise" [Bukhari]. Honored in the Verse of Purification (Quran $33:33$).
  • Passed away in Ramadan, $11\text{ A.H.}$ ($6\text{ months}$ after the Prophet's death). Mother to Hasan, Husain, Mohsin, Zainab, and Umm-e-Kulthoom.

• Sons of the Prophet:

  • Hazrat Qasim (RA): Firstborn son with Khadijah. Caused the Prophet to be called "Abul Qasim". Died in early infancy prior to Prophethood.
  • Hazrat Abdullah (RA): Also known as Tayyib or Tahir. Born after revelation; died in infancy. Mocked by Quraysh as abtar ("cut off"), prompting the revelation of Surah Al-Kawthar.
  • Hazrat Ibrahim (RA): Son with Maria Qibtiya. Passed away at $16\text{--}18\text{ months}$ old. Prophet wept at burial stating: "The eyes are shedding tears, and the heart is grieved, but we will not say except what pleases our Lord. O Ibrahim! Indeed, we are grieved by your departure."

• Grandsons of the Prophet:

  • Hazrat Hasan bin Ali (RA):
  • Eldest son of Ali and Fatimah, born Ramadan $3\text{ A.H.}$ in Medina. Named Hasan ("The Beautiful") by the Prophet.
  • Included in the People of the Cloak during the Mubahala debate with Najran Christians (Quran $3:61$).
  • Guarded Uthman's home during the rebel siege. Served as treasury supervisor under Ali's caliphate; mobilized Kufa forces before the Battle of Camel; fought at Siffin and Nahrawan.
  • Second Shia Imam; succeeded Ali as Caliph in $661\text{ AD}$. Signed a historic peace treaty surrendering political power to Muawiyah to end civil bloodshed, fulfilling the Prophet's prophecy: "This son of mine will make peace between two factions of Muslims."
  • Poisoned by wife Joda bint Ash'as in $50\text{ A.H.}$; buried in Baqee.
  • Hussain ibn Ali (RA):
  • Second son of Ali and Fatimah, born Shaban $4\text{ A.H.}$. Named Hussain ("The Little Beautiful"). Raised initially by Umm-e-Fadhal.
  • The Prophet said: "Hussain is from me, and I am from Hussain. May Allah love him who loves Hussain."
  • Fought at Camel, Siffin, and Nahrawan. Third Shia Imam.
  • Absolute refusal to pledge allegiance to Yazid bin Muawiyah; moved from Medina to Mecca, receiving $18,000\text{ letters}$ of support from Kufa.
  • Sent cousin Muslim bin Aqil to Kufa, who was betrayed and martyred by governor Ibn Ziyad.
  • Marched toward Kufa with $72\text{ companions}$ and family members. Surrounded at Karbala near the Euphrates River with water supplies cut off.
  • Martyred on the $10\text{th of Muharram}$; head dispatched to Yazid in Damascus. Symbolized the statement: "The best Jihad is to speak the truth in front of a tyrant ruler."

Scribes of Divine Revelation and Quranic Preservation

• Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (RA):

  • Embraced Islam at age $11$. Learned reading/writing from Badr captives who taught Muslims to gain freedom.
  • Mastered Hebrew and Syriac in weeks upon the Prophet's instruction to handle foreign official correspondence.
  • Served as primary secretary to the Prophet, recording revelations and reading them back for immediate verification. Revised the Quran order with the Prophet during his final Ramadan.
  • Chief compiler of the first official Quranic manuscript under Caliph Abu Bakr.
  • Appointed Qazi of Medina under Umar.
  • Headed the committee of companions under Caliph Uthman to standardize and publish official copies of the Mushaf empire-wide. Died in $45\text{ A.H.}$

• Abdullah bin Masood (RA):

  • Sixth person to embrace Islam (Banu Huzail tribe). Migrated to Abyssinia and Madinah.
  • Beheaded Abu Jahl at the Battle of Badr.
  • First person to recite the Quran publicly at the Kaaba in Makkah, enduring severe beatings as a result.
  • Prophet praised his recitation: "If anyone likes to recite the Quran as fresh as it had descended, then he must recite it on the reading of Abdullah bin Masood."
  • Stated: "I can tell about every verse of the Holy Quran, why and where it was revealed."
  • Narrated $848\text{ authentic hadiths}$. Appointed Qazi of Kufa by Caliph Umar. Died in $32$ or $33\text{ AH}$ under Uthman.

• Key Duties and Functions of Revelation Scribes:

  • Instantaneous recording of Quranic verses immediately upon divine revelation.
  • Precise textual placement of verses within specific surahs following explicit instructions from the Prophet.
  • Maintenance of verified individual manuscripts (such as Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-As) cross-checked directly against the Prophet's recitations.
  • Foreign language translation and diplomatic correspondence (e.g., Zaid bin Thabit handling Hebrew/Syriac text).
  • Annual textual audit and final Ramadan verification of verse orders.
  • Formal drafting of state legal documents and peace treaties (e.g., Ali bin Abi Talib drafting the Treaty of Hudaibiyah).
  • Cross-verifying written records against oral memorizers (Hafiz) to ensure absolute textual accuracy and preservation.

Additional Figures, Relatives, and Key Groups

• Hazrat Amina (RA):

  • Mother of the Prophet; daughter of Wahab ibn 'Abd Manaf (Banu Zuhrah). Married Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib.
  • Husband Abdullah died in Yathrib during a trade return while she was pregnant.
  • Gave birth to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in $570\text{ A.D.}$. Entrusted him to Bedouin nurse Halimah Sadia.
  • Reunited with her son at age $5$ or $6$. Traveled to Yathrib to visit family; fell mortally ill on return journey.
  • Passed away in $577\text{ A.D.}$ at Abwa (between Makkah and Madinah).
  • The Prophet visited her grave in $7\text{ A.H.}$ during Hudaibiya Umrah, weeping and stating: "I remembered the compassion and mercy that my mother showed me and that is why I cried".

• Hazrat Abu Huraira (RA):

  • Born in Yemen (Daws tribe); original name Abd-ul-Shams ("Servant of the Sun"). Converted in $7\text{ A.H.}$ via Tufail bin Amr Dawsi.
  • Lived in the Suffah of the Prophet's Mosque. Given nickname Abu Hurairah ("Father of Kittens") by the Prophet for his affection towards cats.
  • Narrated $5,374\text{ Hadiths}$ (highest of any companion), made possible by remaining constantly in the Prophet's presence.
  • Died in $59\text{ A.H.}$ at age $78$; buried in Baqee.

• Hazrat Abu Talib:

  • Real uncle and guardian of the Prophet after Abdul Muttalib's death. Head of Banu Hashim.
  • Took young Prophet to Syria; monk Bahira identified signs of prophethood and advised protection.
  • Provided tribal protection (Jiwar) against Quraysh plots, telling complaints: "Go, nephew, and say what you like. By God, I will never hand you over for any reason." Swore: "I swear by Allah to protect him as long as I am alive."
  • Endured the $3\text{-year}$ boycott in Shi'b-e-Abi Talib.
  • Died in the $10\text{th year}$ of Prophethood (Year of Grief). Replaced by Abu Lahab, leading to escalated persecution.

• Hazrat Bilal (RA):

  • Born $580\text{ AD}$ in Makkah. Father Rabah (Arab slave), mother Hamamah (Abyssinian princess). Slave to Umayyah ibn Khalaf.
  • First slave to convert. Tortured on scorching sand with heavy boulders on his chest, replying continuously: "Ahad! Ahad!" ("He is One! He is One!"). Purchased and freed by Abu Bakr.
  • First Muazzin of Islam in Madinah; appointed treasurer/secretary of the Islamic state.
  • Killed former master Umayyah bin Khalaf at Badr. Called Adhan from the top of the Kaaba at the Conquest of Makkah.
  • Recited final emotional Adhan in Jerusalem upon Caliph Umar's request. Died $20\text{ AH}$ in Damascus.

• Hazrat Hamza (RA):

  • Uncle and foster brother (nursed by Umm-e-Aimen) of the Prophet; $2\text{ years}$ older.
  • Converted in the $6\text{th year}$ of Prophethood after Abu Jahl struck the Prophet with a stone; Hamza struck Abu Jahl with his bow declaring his conversion.
  • Led first military expedition (Saif-ul-Bahr) with $30\text{ Muslims}$; flag-bearer at Ghazwa Ibwa; killed Utbah at Badr.
  • Martyred at Uhud by slave Wahshi bin Harb using a thrown spear. Body mutilated by Hind bin Utbah (who chewed his liver). Honored as Sayyid-ush-Shuhada ("Chief of Martyrs").

• Halima Sadia (RA):

  • Bedouin wet nurse from Banu Hawazin clan. Accepted orphaned infant Muhammad when wealthy children were taken.
  • Received instant miracles: old weak donkey became fast, she-camel produced abundant milk, family poverty ended.
  • Kept Prophet for $4\text{ to }6\text{ years}$ due to Makkan plagues. Children: Abdullah, Unaysa, and Shaymah (Hazafah).
  • Witnessed Shaqq-us-Sadar (Splitting of the Chest): two angels split the child's chest, washed his heart with Zamzam in a gold basin, and removed Satan's clot.

• Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed (RA):

  • Banu Makhzum clan. Expert strategist and cavalry leader. Led counter-attack against Muslims at Uhud.
  • Converted after Treaty of Hudaibiyah following an invitation letter from his brother Walid. Responded to Abu Sufyan's threats: "Steady, Abu Sufyan! Your anger may lead me to join Muhammad. Khalid is free to follow whatever religion he chooses."
  • Appointed commander at Battle of Muta after three leaders fell; broke $7\text{ swords}$ in battle and earned the title Saifullah ("Sword of Allah").
  • Defeated false prophet Musailma at Yamama; commanded over $100\text{ victories}$ including Yarmuk and Damascus. Later relieved of high command by Caliph Umar.

• Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha (RA):

  • First male freed servant to accept Islam. Gifted to Khadijah by Hakim ibn Huzzam. Refused to return with his biological father.
  • Shielded the Prophet with his body during the stoning at Taif; participated in Banu Hashim boycott and all battles.
  • Martyred commanding the army at the Battle of Muta. His son Usama was later appointed by the Prophet to command the final Syrian expedition.

• Hazrat Abu Sufyan (RA):

  • Chief of Banu Umayya and supreme leader of Makkah after Badr casualties. Escaped Muslim raid on his trade caravan in $2\text{ AH}$.
  • Converted to Islam on the eve of the Conquest of Makkah; Prophet declared safety for anyone entering Abu Sufyan's house.
  • Lost one eye at the siege of Taif/Hunain and his second eye at the Battle of Yarmuk. Died in $31\text{ AH}$.

• Muhajirin and Ansaar:

  • Muhajirin: Early Makkan converts who sacrificed homes, wealth, and status to migrate to Madinah (Hijrah), laying the foundation of the Islamic calendar. Included Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
  • Ansaar: Muslim residents of Madinah (such as Sa'd ibn Mu'adh) who sheltered, financed, and shared homes/property equally with Muhajirin. Formed the backbone of Madinah's defence and constitution. The Prophet declared: "None of you will have faith until he loves the Ansaar."