Oral Communication
SPEECH CONTEXT
refers to the setting in which the communication takes place. J. A. De Vito (2005)
helps to establish a meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.
INTRAPERSONAL
centers on one person where the speaker acts as both the sender and the receiver of the message. The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings.
Example: You spent the night thinking and analyzing how to budget your allowance for a week.
THE BRAIN OF THE SPEAKER
The channel of communication for intrapersonal communication is the brain of the speaker that processes his or her thoughts or feelings.
INTERPERSONAL
Communication between and among people establishes personal relationships between and among them.
Example: Talking to your classmate about your final requirement.
BETWEEN AND AMONG PEOPLE
Normally, it includes two individuals and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal communication situations.
DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
DYAD COMMUNICATION
• It consists of two persons who are formally or informally interacting with each other verbally or nonverbally.
SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
• It consists of three to twelve people exchanging views on a common topic or aiming at a common goal face to face.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
Communication that requires you to deliver or send a message before or in front of a group or an audience.
EXAMPLE: A senator delivers his speech to the Senate.
"In public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is larger."
S. Hybels & R. Weaver (2012)
MASS COMMUNICATION
Communication that takes place through television, radio, newspaper, billboards, and other forms of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the school's newspaper.
A WIDE RANGE OF AUDIENCES
Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
Communication Shifting
Communicating between departments (e.g. operations and maintenance) and within departments should be well-defined and monitored in an organization or group.
Problems with communication have contributed to accidents and near misses in many workplaces or areas.
The following can result when unreliable communications occur:
1 missing information
5 unnecessary information
2 inaccurate information
6 poor or variable quality of
3 misunderstandings
information
4 failing to carry forward information over successive shifts.
Communication Compositions:
Language form
Duration of Interaction
Relation of Speaker
Role and responsibilities of the speaker.
Message
Delivery
Things to consider:
1.carefully specify what key information needs to be communicated;
2. know your audience;
3. aim to cut out the transmission of unnecessary information;
4. use aids (such as logs, computer displays) based on the key information needed to help accurate communication when needed;
5. aim to repeat the key information using different mediums, e.g.
6. allow sufficient time for communication particularly at shift handover;
7. encourage two-way communication with both the giver and recipient of the information taking responsibility for accurate communication;
encourage the asking of confirmation, clarification and repetition;
9. encourage face-to-face communication wherever feasible
Expository (Informative) Speech
conveys information which the audience does not know. This is done to explain or enlighten the listeners about a subject matter. The goal of any informative speaker is to impart knowledge and develop understanding for the audience's use.
Speech about objects.
This type of speech focuses on what is tangible instead of abstract. It involves talking about things in the sensory and physical world.
Speech about events.
It concentrates on important incidents, personal or historical and seeks to enlighten the listeners about said events.
Speech about processes.
a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular and desired outcome. The step-by-step detail on how to make a pillow cushion or how to make homemade pasta may be the content of this speech.
Speech about concept.
It centers on what is abstract rather than what is concrete. This focuses on theoretical philosophies and views like poverty reduction, world peace Christianity and or racial discrimination are some of the examples of this.
Guidelines for Expository or Informative Speaking
Clarify the purpose
Explain for the average person
Use clear language
Use visual aids
Organize the ideas
Persuasive Speech
The speaker has a goal of convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view. The speech is arranged in such a way as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view.
Components of a Persuasive Speech
Logic appeals
are arguments that present a set of information and show why a conclusion must rationally be true. For example, arguments heard in court are logical arguments.
Emotional appeals
are appeals that seek to make the audience feel a certain way so that they will accept a conclusion. Negative political ads, for example, often incorporate emotional appeals by juxtaposing an opponent with a negative emotion such as fear.
The effectiveness of a persuasive speech also depends on:
Factors beyond the words of the speech.
• The willingness of the audience to accept a new view
• The body language of the speaker.
• The environment in which the speech is given