Principles of Paraphrasing

WEEK 7 CLASS 2 OVERVIEW

  • Focus: Principles of Paraphrasing (APA, 2020) pp. 269-278

PARAPHRASES AND QUOTATIONS

  • Definition of Paraphrase:
    • Paraphrase = restate someone else's idea in your own words.
    • Allows for summarization and synthesis of information from sources.
  • Characteristics of Long Paraphrases:
    • Can extend for several sentences.
    • Citation of work is necessary on first mention; after that, citation is not mandatory as long as it is clear that the information comes from the same source.
  • Reference Example: See APA (2020) pp. 270 for context and further examples.

COMMON MISTAKES IN PARAPHRASING

  • Inadequate Changes:
    • Not enough change from the original source may be considered plagiarism.
    • Example: Altering phrasing without sufficient transformation (known as patchwriting) may fall short of true paraphrasing.
  • Failure to Cite:
    • Paraphrasing without proper citation gives no credit to the original authors.
    • Example: If differentiating between sympathy and empathy but failing to cite the source, it can lead to accusations of plagiarism.
  • Misunderstanding Content:
    • Paraphrasing original sources instead of what is presented in class or discussions.
    • Incorrect representation of ideas or content discussed in the source materials.

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING PARAPHRASING SKILLS

  • The best way to enhance paraphrasing abilities is through practice.
  • Engage in group activities, such as Activity 1 from the “Paraphrasing and Citation Activities” document.
  • Encourage independent practice with activities 2 and 3 to solidify skills.

REMINDERS AND TIPS FOR PARAPHRASING

  • Consider the following when paraphrasing:
    1. Did you paraphrase effectively or patchwrite?
    2. How do your sentences differ from others (APA Style team or classmates)?
    3. Explore various ways to paraphrase and highlight different ideas.
  • It is essential to remember that many acceptable ways exist to paraphrase a sentence, with examples provided in the activities.

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Paraphrasing One Sentence

  • Task Steps:

    1. Read and paraphrase a given published sentence.
    2. Create an APA Style reference list entry for the work.
    3. Determine and add the corresponding in-text citation.

  • Published Sentence:

    • "Leaders who lack emotional and social competence undoubtedly can become a liability to organizations, directly leading to employee disengagement, absenteeism, stress-disability claims, hostile-workplace lawsuits, and increased health care expenses."

  • Source Information:

    • Document type: Journal Article (Section 10.1)
    • Authors: Kenneth Nowack and Paul Zak
    • Publication Year: 2020
    • Article Title: Empathy Enhancing Antidotes for Interpersonally Toxic Leaders
    • Journal Info: Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, Volume 12, Issue 2, pages 119-133.
    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000164

  • Example Paraphrased Sentence:

    • "Positions of leadership in the workplace can lack the ability to empathize and understand other individuals, potentially leading to abuses of power, marginalization, and the erosion of equality and equity in the workplace."

  • Reference List Entry:

    • Nowack, K. & Zak, P. (2020). Empathy enhancing antidotes for interpersonally toxic leaders. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 12(2), 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000164

Activity 2: Summarizing Multiple Sentences

  • Task Steps:
    1. Summarize findings from multiple published sentences in your own words.
    2. Create an APA Style reference entry.
    3. Determine in-text citations corresponding to your entry.
  • Published Sentences:
    • Research indicates that individuals tend to exercise less when academic or work demands increase. A subsequent study examined university students’ beliefs regarding willpower and exercise frequency during finals, revealing that those with a limited view of willpower exercised significantly less, by approximately 220 minutes over two weeks compared to those with a nonlimited view of willpower.
  • Source Information:
    • Document type: Journal Article (Section 10.1)
    • Authors: Katharina Bernecker and Julie Framer
    • Publication Year: 2020
    • Article Title: Implicit Theories about Willpower are Associated with Exercise Levels during the Academic Examination Period
    • Journal Info: Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, Volume 8, Issue 2, pages 215-231.
    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/spy000012

Activity 3: Writing a Long Paraphrase

  • Task Steps:
    1. Read and paraphrase published paragraphs in two to three sentences.
    2. Create an APA Style reference list entry.
    3. Include the corresponding citation.
  • Published Paragraphs:
    • Food selectivity is a common and well-studied issue for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It often involves strong preferences for starchy snacks while avoiding fruits and vegetables, leading to disruptive behaviors during mealtimes. Children with ASD typically consume a sufficient volume of food but demonstrate a lack of dietary variety, posing risks for nutritional deficiencies and health outcomes.
  • Source Information:
    • Document type: Edited Book Chapter (Section 10.3)
    • Chapter Authors: T. Lindsey Burrell, William Sharp, Cristina Whitehouse, Cynthia R. Johnson
    • Publication Year: 2014
    • Chapter Title: Parent Training for Food Selectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder
    • Book Editors: Cynthia R. Johnson, Eric M. Butter, Lawrence Scahill
    • Book Title: Parent Training for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Improving the Quality of Life for Children and Their Families
    • Page Range: 133-202
    • Publisher: American Psychological Association
    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000111-00