Unit 5 flashcards 1844-1877

Welcome to a push unified review and today we'll be covering these topics. So first we're going to review

REVIEW: The South and Slavery

0:05

the institution of slavery. The most important idea here is that slavery had been a contentious issue since the

0:11

founding of the United States. Slaves are going to arrive in America in James Town in 1619. And after Bacon's

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rebellion, there's going to be a greater shift from indentured servants to slaves. And the big idea is that following the American Revolution, the

0:24

North is going to stop pursuing slavery. It didn't make economic sense and there was ideological conflict. One good

0:29

example of this was how the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banned slavery in the Old Northwest. Now, recall the

0:34

controversy of slavery at the constitutional convention. The delegates are just going to compromise. And this kind of sets the precedent of simply

0:40

just delaying the issue of slavery. Again, because of intense sectional differences between the North and the South, the issue over slavery is

0:47

eventually going to become inevitable. But for now, people are just going to keep delaying it. Some examples of compromises that we see are the three

0:53

frisks compromise and the Atlantic slave trade being allowed to continue until 1808 and the addition of a fugitive

0:59

slave clause in the constitution. Another big idea is the market revolution is going to greatly exacerbate the issue of slavery. Recall

1:06

how the south is perfect for growing crash crops with this warm climates and fertile soil. So at first we're going to grow tobacco. But here's how the market

1:12

revolution is going to play into this. There's going to be a lot of innovations in transportation with turnpikes and canals that make transportation easier

1:19

and faster. There's also be the growth of northern factories which increased the demand for cotton and for textile

1:25

manufacturing. But the most important invention of the mob is going to be Eli Winn's cotton gene. This is going to make cotton the primary cash crop

1:31

because you can now get so much more cotton. And all of these other innovations are just going to make getting cotton easier increasing the

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demand. Ultimately skyrocketing demand for cotton is going to drive skyrocketing demand for land and slaves.

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And it's important to keep in mind that no one here is innocent. Prosperity from both the north, south, and England and

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other countries are all going to come from slavery. Another big trend is that westward expansion and the issue of

1:55

slavery is going to create a lot of sectional tension. If you recall, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 delays the

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issue of slavery. And we're going to see this happen again and again with the compromise of 1850 and the Kansas

2:06

Nebraska Act, all of which delay the problem, choosing to compromise instead of settle the issue once and for all.

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Now, let's quickly go over some stats on southern society. So the South is going to be an agrarian society. They're not going to be industrialized. They're all

2:18

in on slavery. And even though 25% of the population owns slaves and only 25% of that owned greater than 10 slaves,

2:25

all of the population is going to defend slavery. Well, why? Because they're racist and because their goal was to one

2:30

day own slaves because that was a sign of status and wealth in the South. And this was because southern politics was

2:36

largely an oligarchy. It's going to be ruled by wealthy elite plantation owners who own large plantations that had many

2:41

slaves. There's going to be massive wealth disparity. and little democracy. And compared to the north, immigrants

2:47

aren't going to go to the south. Why would they? The land is expensive and labor was free. There's very little opportunities for immigrants.

2:54

Additionally, there's not going to be a lot of reforms in the south, like public schooling. Here, you can see that slaves were a significant portion of the

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population. And in the deep south, they're actually going to be the majority. So, despite many challenges, a unique African-American culture is going

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to emerge as a blend of African and American ideals. One big development was African-American religion, which was

3:11

inspired by the Second Great Awakening. We're going to see the rise of black Christianity where they really draw on this call and response style of

3:18

preaching. Additionally, West African traditions such as use of music and spirituals are going to be key in

3:24

establishing African-American culture. So, how did African-Americans resist slavery? Well, they did work slowly,

3:30

were negligent, sometimes ran away or just revolted. For example, the Underground Railroad helped many slaves

3:35

escape towards freedom. And it's important to note that revolts were not common. You had the stonal rebellion in

3:41

1739 where 60 slaves revolt are eventually killed. And the big one is going to be Nat Turner's rebellion in

3:46

1831. This revolt is going to kill 60 whites. But after this is suppressed, much harsher black codes are going to be

3:52

enforced after and slave patrols are going to be created. Obviously, one big resistance to slavery was abolitionism

3:59

if you recall from the age of reform. If you want a more in-depth explanation, watch my Apush unit 4 review. Otherwise,

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here are some key people and

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organizations. Obviously, the South is going to continue to defend slavery. In fact, a gag resolution is going to be

4:19

passed in Congress, which banned all anti-slavery petitions. Again, slaves aren't allowed to get an education.

4:25

Slaves codes are going to get worse, especially after rebellions such as those like Nat Turner's rebellion. And in fact, anti-slavery messages are also

4:31

going to be banned from southern news. Sources such as the liberator are going to be banned from the south. And there's even this emergence of pro-slavery

4:38

rhetoric by people like George Fitzfug. These people said that the south treated slaves like family and the institution

4:44

of slavery was actually better than the wage slavery in the north and that slavery is going to quote civilize

4:49

inferior people. And obviously this was not true at all. So now we're going to cover how tensions reach a breaking

Road to War

4:55

point. So first we're going to cover the free soil movement. The big idea is that ban from the MexicanAmerican war is

5:00

going to cause great tension over the issue of slavery. So the free soil movement is going to be formed after the war and they're going to want for no

5:06

slavery in the west. They wanted white only access to new lands. They weren't morally opposed to slavery. They saw

5:12

slavery as a threat to white Americans. And because of this, they didn't oppose banning slavery in the south. In fact,

5:19

slavery in the south could still exist. However, the south is going to view any restriction of slavery as an attack on

5:24

southern way of life. So gold is going to be discovered in California in 1849. And the big idea is that the gold rush

5:30

is going to cause great sectional tensions between the north and the south because it aims to disrupt the balance of free and slave states. People are

5:36

going to start flocking to California which means that the statehood requirements are going to be met very fast. California is going to petition to

5:42

join as a free state. And one big trend that we see is again southerners are going to get increasingly defensive over

5:47

the institution of slavery and see everything as an attack on their way of life. And for your LQs and DBQs, another

5:54

time we see this happen is with the tall mod amendment and the Wilmont Piso, both of which are going to be struck down by

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the South. However, a compromise will be struck. The big idea is that the compromise of 1850 is going to be a

6:04

continuation of the trend of delaying the issue of slavery. Again, we saw this with the Missouri compromise. California

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is going to be admitted as a free state. Utah and New Mexico are going to be determined by popular sovereignty. However, the South is going to push

6:16

forth harsher fugitive slave law and the slave trade is going to be banned in Washington DC. Now, the Fugitive Slave

6:22

Act of 1850 is going to have some very serious ramifications. The big idea is that the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is

6:28

going to greatly increase sectional tension in the 1850s. Southerners are going to start going to the north to

6:33

hunt for fugitive slaves. And northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested with this new law. And

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slaves weren't actually allowed to testify in court. Had no right to a jury trial. and all the nerds are going to be

6:44

upset because the issue of slavery has finally moved into their own backyard. The critical idea here is that during

6:50

the 1850s, the nation is going to become even more polarized than before. We've already seen a long trend of brewing sectional differences through westward

6:56

expansion and economic differences in the past. But in the 1850s, all of this is really going to ramp up. Part of this

7:02

is going to be due to the writing of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which is going to bring the morality argument to slavery,

7:08

expose the horrors of slavery to the north and Europe. And this is going to inspire a northerners to resist. The

7:13

fugitive slave act of 1850 also brought the issue of slavery directly into North's backyard. And this is going to

7:19

cause moderate northerners to become sympathetic, causing the abolitionist movement to grow. You're going to see

7:24

the increased use of the Underground Railroad, for example. You're going to see the creation of personal liberty laws, which stated that local jails

7:30

cannot house future slaves, and the creation of vigilante committees, which protected future slaves from slave

7:36

catchers. To reiterate on a trend we've already seen, the big idea is that the issue of slavery is going to greatly

7:42

slow down manifest destiny. Free siloers are going to be suspicious of any attempts to expand the nation and

7:48

northerners are going to be paranoid of the south trying to create a slaveocracy. For example, the Austin manifesto was a secret plan where the US

7:54

would buy Cuba from Spain. However, once northerners and resolers found out, they denounced this plan. Even though

8:00

westward expansion greatly slows, one exception is going to be the Gatson purchase in 1853. The US is going to

8:06

purchase a strip of land below Arizona for $10 million so that they can build railroads. One big event that you need

8:11

to know is the Kansas Nebraska Act. Even Douglas, a northern Democrat, wants to secure a railroad route and current

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western settlement. And to do so, he's going to set up the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Because these two territories were above the 3630 line,

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slavery is actually banned. He knew this bill wouldn't pass without the South's approval. So to win the South support,

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he's going to state that the legality of slavery is going to be determined by popular sovereignty. And ultimately with the south support, this bill is passed.

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And the big idea here is that the Kansas Nebraska Act is going to mark a pivotal moment in the fight against slavery

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because it meant that slavery could now be allowed where it was previously banned. Again, this act kind of repeals

8:47

the Missouri Compromise of 1820 cuz suddenly slavery was allowed north of the 3630 line. This is also going to

8:53

delay the issue of slavery through more compromises. But people are not going to be at peace and the country is actually

8:58

set a flame. The northerners are absolutely livid. And in fact, the wig party is going to fall apart and the Republican party is going to be formed.

9:05

The impact of the Kansas Nebraska Act is going to be absolutely massive. Nebraska was probably going to be a free state,

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but Kansas was up for debate. So pro and anti-slavery forces are going to flood into Kansas to rig votes. For example,

9:16

the New England immigrant aid companies sent 2,000 free solders and dropped them into Kansas. And the border ruffians are

9:22

going to be pro-slavery forces and move in from Missouri. Rival governments are going to be set up, meaning conflict

9:27

becomes inevitable. The free soil government is going to be headquartered in Topeka while the proslavery

9:33

government is going to be headquartered in La Compton. Additionally, the Republican party is going to be formed and this is going to be composed of free

9:39

soilers, northern wigs, abolitionists and anyone else who is going to oppose slavery. In fact, open fighting over

9:44

slavery is going to occur in bleeding Kansas demonstrating the growing polarization of the nation. In the sack of Lawrence in 1856, a free soil town is

9:51

going to be attacked by proslavery forces. Buildings are destroyed and one abolitionist is killed. The Paw Watomi

9:57

Creek Massacre, which occurred three days after the Sack of Lawrence and served as retribution for it, abolitionist John Brown and his

10:03

supporters, including four of his sons, were going to hack to death five proslavery people to death. Remember

10:08

this guy because he's going to also lead the raid on harbors ferry, of which we'll talk about later. And in fact, the violence is even going to spread to

10:14

Congress. In short, Charles Sumner, a northern abolitionist, is going to be beat down in Congress with the king.

10:21

Summoner is going to give a speech condemning the events of bleeding Kansas, pinning the blame on Steven Douglas and Andrew Butler and mocking

10:26

them. These two senators are beloved by the South and people are going to be enraged. Preston Brooks, a southern

10:32

congressman, is going to enter Congress and beat Sumar with a cane until it breaks. The big idea is that both Sumar

10:38

and Brooks are going to be hailed as heroes and even more people are going to flock to their causes, demonstrating the

10:43

increasing polarization of America. President James Pican is going to be elected in 1856 and he's going to be a

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pro-slave Democrat. In fact, pro-slavery forces are going to draft up the lmpton constitution which sets up the

10:54

constitution for Kansas and is obviously pro-slave. The only reason why this actually passes is because free soilers

10:59

end up boycotting the election. By the way, this constitution is going to be supported by Buchanan but rejected by Congress demonstrating the increasing

11:06

controversy of slavery. So, one critical Supreme Court case you must know is the Dread Scott decision. The big idea is

11:11

that Dread Scott case in 1857 is going to rule that one all African-Americans not just slaves or not citizens and two

11:19

Congress cannot make laws limiting slavery in the territories. So the details are that Dread Scott was a slave who moved into a free state for 2 years.

11:26

He's going to sue for his freedom because he thought that living in free soil meant that he was free. The chief justice, Roger Tanny, is going to be a

11:32

southern democrat, a pro-slave, and he's going to rule that one, black people are not citizens, and two, because slaves

11:37

are property, Congress cannot take them away, and thus cannot make laws regulating slaves in the territory.

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Obviously, this ruling is going to be massive because the Missouri compromise is going to be overturned for good, and

11:48

slavery was now actually allowed everywhere. Obviously, the North is going to be outraged. Another event that

11:54

is very important are the Lincoln Douglas debates. Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, is going to fight Steven Douglas, a Northern Democrat, for the

12:00

Senate. And pretty much Lincoln is just going to ask if slavery can be prevented in the territories. And Douglas actually

12:05

does not support the Dread Scott ruling. He instead asserts the Freeport Doctrine, the idea that territories could limit slavery via popular

12:11

sovereignty. And he's going to do this because he personally supported the idea of local governments deciding things, not federal government deciding things.

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This is ultimately going to enrage Southerners and haunt Douglas later. So what ultimately happens because of these

12:23

debates, Douglas is going to become the senator. Lincoln is going to become famous. However, the biggest impact is

12:28

that Democrats are going to be heavily divided in the upcoming election because northern Democrats are going to want Douglas while the South hates him for

12:35

his scance on the free port doctrine. One more event that leads to the civil war is going to be Harper's Ferry. So, John Brown, the radical abolitionist

12:41

from bleeding, Kansas, wants to spark a slave revolt. So, to get some weapons, he's going to raid the federal arsenal at Harbor's Ferry. He's going to be

12:47

unsuccessful and is hunk. The South is obviously outraged at this event. They believe that Brown was backed by

12:53

northerners to destroy the southern way of life. In the north, however, Brown is going to become a martyr to the

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abolitionist movement. Even though most abolitionists didn't support his radical methods, they were inspired by the fact

13:04

that Brown was willing to die for their cause. The big idea is that John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry is going to be an

13:10

immediate cause of secession. Finally, the election of 1860 is going to be the final straw that sparks secession.

13:16

Recall how the Democrats are going to be split over slavery. The northern Democrats want Steven Douglas who supported popular sovereignty while the

13:22

Southern Democrats as John C. Beckenrich who supported slavery everywhere. The Republicans are going to give everyone a

13:27

little something. Solers were guaranteed no slavery in the territories. The North would be given a protected tariff. But

13:32

most importantly, the Republicans are going to be very hard on their stance on no slavery. Ultimately, Lincoln is going

13:38

to take advantage of the split Democrats and he's going to win the election. Seven southern states are going to succeed before he even takes office. And

13:45

this is going to be the tipping point before the war. The Confederate States of America are going to be formed with Jefferson Davis as president and there

13:51

are obviously going to be pros slavery. Now we'll be covering the Civil War. So Fort Sum is going to have a big impact

Civil War

13:57

in starting the Civil War. All the while drawing support for both sides. Lincoln says that he's going to be sending

14:02

supplies not reinforcements to Fort Sner. However, the Confederacy is going to attack the fort in April 1861 kicking

14:09

off a civil war. For Sar is going to have a massive impact. This is going to unite the North to preserve the Union

14:14

all the while causing more southerners to join the Confederacy as four more states succeed. Now, we're going to talk about the border states. The border

14:21

states are going to be critical in Lincoln's early war effort. And the border state is just any slave state

14:26

that still remains in the Union that borders the North. These are so important that Lincoln will simply refuse to let them leave. But why is

14:32

this? Well, for one, obviously, the border states will provide more soldiers for the South, which double the industrial capacity of the South, and

14:39

were very geographically important. Lincoln is going to use some questionable methods to keep in the border states. He's going to declare

14:45

martial law in Maryland, use guerrilla warfare in Missouri and even suspends the writ of habius corpus. For your

14:51

complexity points, this is similar to what Nixon does with the bombing of the Ho Chi Min Trail and Cambodia without

14:57

congressional approval, demonstrating a clear expansion of executive power. Now, we're going to go over northern

15:02

advantages and disadvantages. So for one, the North obviously had much greater industrial capacity. They had

15:08

better factory systems to turn out clothing, weapons, and more. They also had superior transportation in the form of railroads that would bolster supply

15:14

lines. They also have a stronger navy and government as well as a population advantage. There are about 22 million

15:21

people in the north versus the 9 million in the south. And later on, they're going to use emancipation as a moral

15:27

reason to fight the war. As for disadvantages, the big one is going to be that the north is going to lack

15:32

strong military leaders because all the top generals are going to join the south. There's no real purpose.

15:38

Initially, the south was fighting for their way of life while some northerners were just fine with succession. Now, for

15:44

southern advantages and disadvantages. So, for one, they're going to be fighting a defensive war. While the civilians in the south are going to be

15:50

friendly, and the south is actually going to have a real purpose to fight because they were, after all, fighting for their way of life. They're also

15:56

going to have top military leadership as well as cotton diplomacy. Basically, this idea was that southern cotton was

16:02

exported to countries like Britain and France whom the south hope would back them up. As for their disadvantages,

16:07

they had no navy, no established government. In fact, the south was heavily states rights focused instead of

16:13

a united central government. They had no transportation or railroads and a very weak economy and industry. Big idea is

16:19

that both the north and the south are going to mobilize their economies and societies for war. However, we're just going to be focusing on the North today.

16:26

The North is going to pass a conscription act of 1863 where all men 20 to 45 are going to be registered for the draft. They also had a provision

16:33

called the $300 men. Basically, you're wealthy and paid $300 for a substitute. You could escape the draft. This was

16:39

obviously unfair to the poor and the poor were outraged. In fact, you have the New York City draft riots in the

16:45

July of 1863 where a mob of Irish Americans are going to attack the wealthy and African-Americans whom they

16:50

blamed for starting the Civil War. One key idea to know is that at first Lincoln is going to proclaim that he was

16:56

not fighting the Civil War to end slavery. He was personally anti-slavery, but he needed the border states and

17:02

there were also fears from white workers. After all, an influx of black labor means less jobs for whites. And

17:08

additionally, he also needed the support of northern Democrats who weren't super keen on opposing slavery. Yet, as the

17:13

Civil War drags on, Lincoln is going to shift his strategy to pursuing emancipation. There are a lot of

17:19

benefits to doing so. The first of which is for the military. After all, liberating the slaves means that the

17:24

economy of the South is going to be weaker. There's also this ideological pressure. It was the right thing to do.

17:29

And a lot of people like Charles Sumner and Benjamin Wade are going to pressure Lincoln to do so. Slowly but surely, the

17:35

war became about freeing the slaves. The First Conscription Act freed all slaves that were used for insurrectionary

17:41

purposes, giving slaves an incentive to escape to Union camps. It's important to note that slaves who escaped and joined

17:46

Union camps are known as contraband. The second confiscation act stated that all slaves who are used by those rebelling

17:53

against the United States are freed. Now for the big one, the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation

17:59

Proclamation declared freedom for all of those enslaved in the Confederacy and was justified as a military necessity.

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This was declared after the Battle of Antidum, a big union victory. However, please note that this did not apply to

18:10

the border states to prevent them from succeeding as well. Ultimately, the Emancipation Proclamation will reframe

18:16

the purpose of the Civil War and weaken the Confederacy. This is going to give the North a moral cause to fight the war

18:21

because it's not about succession anymore. It's about freedom and equality. This also circumvents cotton

18:27

diplomacy as Europe had banned slavery and it would be hypocritical to back up the Confederacy who was pro-slavery.

18:32

Obviously, freeing the slaves is going to give the North more soldiers and it's important to keep in mind the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation. In

18:39

reality, the North didn't have any power over the South. So, they're not like all of a sudden all of these slaves are

18:44

going to be freed. Additionally, this did not apply to the border states. So, how did emancipation affect

18:49

African-Americans? Well, Frederick Douglas and other abolitionists are going to preach enlistment to prove their citizenship and fight against the

18:56

evil of slavery. Recall how the Drescott decision stated that all African-Americans were not citizens. If they could fight for their rights, then

19:02

this would be a huge victory for abolitionism. About 180,000 African-Americans are going to serve in

19:08

the Civil War. The most famous of which are going to be the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. It's important to keep in mind

19:13

there's still a lot of prejudice against black soldiers. For example, they could only serve in segregated units and they're oftentimes paid less than white

19:19

workers. There are also some challenges in domestic politics during the war. So, in the North, radical Republicans

19:25

thought that Lincoln moved too slowly with emancipation. More Democrats supported the war but didn't like Lincoln's handling of it. And this was

19:31

partially due to Lincoln incompetent generals. The Peace Democrats, also known as the Copperheads, wanted peace

19:37

and opposed fighting. So, you have all of these opponents to the war or Lincoln's handling of the war. But

19:42

Lincoln ultimately wins re-election thanks to Union victories. In the south, cotton diplomacy is going to fail. And

19:48

this was because of the emancipation proclamation, the loss of antidum, and the fact that Europe had other cotton

19:54

sources. Additionally, the tradition of states rights means that there's not going to be a united fighting force.

19:59

Now, for some actual domestic policies, the Republican majority during the Civil War is going to allow for very

20:05

Republican policies to be passed without opposition. For example, you have the Moro Tariff Act, the Legal Tender Act,

20:11

and the National Bank Act. All of which were very pro- industry and pro- national economy. The two big ones that

20:17

you need to know, however, are going to be the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Pacific Railway Act of 1863. In fact,

20:24

these are so important that we're going to quickly cover them. The big idea is that federal legislation is going to encourage manifest destiny and lead to a

20:30

population boom in the Great Plains. The Homestead Act of 1862 is going to give 160 acres for $10. if he improved the

20:38

land and lived on it for 5 years and this is obviously an absolute steal and this is going to attract a lot of people

20:43

from urban populations and immigrants. This is also going to lead to a big population boom in the great plains. Now

20:49

the Pacific Railway Act of 1863 this is going to charter the first transcontinental railroad financed by government subsidies. It's important to

20:56

note that Chinese immigrants are going to be the major labor force and they're just going to keep coming to the United States after and this is going to be

21:01

important later as we see the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Obviously, this big railroad is going to cause

21:06

settlement to skyrocket and allow goods to move much faster, creating a national economy. Now, we're going to cover the

Extra Knowledge

21:12

general strategy and trajectory of the war. Even though the AP exam doesn't really test this, I think you should still know this or better complexity on

21:19

the DBQs and LQs. The big idea is that although the South had early military victories, the North is going to win

21:24

thanks to its improvements in leadership and strategy, the victories, greater resources, and total war. The northern

21:30

strategy primarily consisted of not losing the border states to the south while also starting the Anaconda plan.

21:35

Here, the northern navy would block southern access to trade and would take the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy into two. The southern

21:42

strategy was to play a war of attrition or to play defense. However, later on in the war, the South is going to actually

21:48

take the offensive, which is a major blunder. Early on in the war, there's going to be a lot of northern defeats and constant swamping of incompetent

21:54

generals. However, by the middle and end, the South is going to go on the defensive. And the North is really going to start leveraging its industrial

22:01

advantages, getting strong leadership in the form of Grant and is going to win key battles, destroy southern

22:07

infrastructure, and ultimately win the war. Now, we're going to cover some key battles of the Civil War. At the Battle

22:12

of Bull Run, the South wins, and this really just shows the war is going to be very long. The North thought that they

22:17

would have a quick and easy victory, but this would not be the case. At the battle of Antidum, the Union wins and

22:23

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, which has the immediate impact of deterring European involvement

22:28

and strengthening the moral cause of the war. In the Battle of Vixsburg, the North wins and controls the Mississippi

22:34

River, splitting the Confederacy in half. You'll see Sgrant is also promoted. Then at Gettysburg, the North

22:41

is going to stop Robert Ye's incursion of the South. And Lincoln is going to deliver his famous Gettysburg address.

22:46

His called for Americans both north and south to reimagine democracy and to pursue a multi-racial vision of liberty

22:53

and equality paving the way for the 14th and 15th amendments. One big thing you must know is Sherman's march to the sea,

22:59

which is an example of scorch earth strategy and total war. Sherman pretty much just marches through the south

23:05

destroying crops, villages, and anything in sight, crippling southern industry and war infrastructure. His victory in

23:11

Atlanta also helps Lincoln get reelected. Finally, at Palmetto's courthouse, General Lee is going to

23:17

surrender and the war ends. Now, for the impact of the Civil War, the big idea is that the Civil War had tremendous

Impact of the War

23:23

social, economic, and political impacts that fundamentally altered the nation. Over 600,000 were dead. The southern

23:29

economy and infrastructure were completely destroyed. Republican laws of the Pacific Railway Act and Homestead Act were passed. The Union was preserved

23:37

and in the idea of nullification and succession as well as showing that democracy is actually possible and the

23:43

biggest one of them all the 13th amendment is going to free 4 million slaves altering race relations in

23:48

America. Finally, we're going to cover reconstruction. So, some key challenges are going to be how do you bring back

Reconstruction

23:54

the South? How are you going to rebuild the South? How do you protect the newly emancipated freemen? What branch of government should control

24:00

reconstruction? In fact, you can organize reconstruction into two phases. the presidential phase with Lincoln and

24:05

Johnson, which was much more forgiving and gave gradual citizenship, and the congressional phase with radical

24:11

Republicans, which was much tougher and called for immediate citizenship. And spoiler alert, although there were many

24:16

attempts to fix things, reconstruction is ultimately going to fail. It's important to keep in mind that the

24:21

Freedmen are largely poor, illiterate, and unskilled. So, how do you help them? Congress is going to establish the Freedman's Burrow in 1865, which was a

24:28

welfare agency to help former slaves and poor southern whites. This is going to provide food, shelter, and medical care.

24:34

But its biggest success is going to be education. About 200,000 African-Americans are going to be taught to read thanks to these schools. But

24:40

there's some shortcomings. There's this idea of 40 acres and a mule. That is confuscated lands will be given to freed

24:46

men leading to economic independence. However, this pretty much never happened, keeping the freedman

24:51

economically vulnerable. Now, we're going to go over what Lincoln wanted to do. Again, the key idea is that

24:56

reconstruction under the presidential phase is going to be much more forgiving. So Lincoln during the war actually wants the South to quit

25:02

fighting the war. So he's going to start what's known as wartime reconstruction with a proclamation of animisty and

25:07

reconstruction. Pretty much southern states would be readmitted into the union if 10% of their voters pledge

25:12

loyalty to the union which was very lenient. Obviously the state had to accept emancipation. Contrasting this

25:18

was the way Davis plan which required 50% of voters to take an ironcloud oath for remission. This also excluded anyone

25:25

who helped the Confederacy. Ultimately, this never goes into effect as Lincoln doesn't sign the bill. So, all of this

25:30

sounds good until Lincoln is killed. His vice president, Southern Democrat Andrew Johnson, is going to become president.

25:36

And under his plan for reconstruction, he's going to recognize the 10% governments of Lincoln. He's also going to exclude Confederate elites from the

25:42

new nation, but then offers them a pardon that they can apply to and pardons most of them. He's going to force all states to ratify the 13th

25:49

amendment, but then allows southern plantation elites to regain political control in Congress. Johnson is

25:54

ultimately sympathetic to the south and this is going to cause a lot of problems for reconstruction. So what are the effects of the presidential phase? The

26:01

key idea is that while the 13th amendment abolished slavery, exploitative and oppressive social economic conditions for blacks will

26:07

continue to exist in the south. There's going to be very oppressive black codes in the south which create a labor supply

26:12

at the expense of African-Americans. Southerners essentially try to reestablish pre-war race relations. For

26:18

example, blacks couldn't rent land, borrow money, were forced to sign labor contracts, couldn't vote, etc. Many

26:24

freed men were forced to become sharecroppers, which was slavery in essence. So around 1866, northern

26:30

Republicans are going to be angry that southern Confederates return to Congress, and they're going to want a tougher reconstruction. The big idea is

26:36

that a Republican controlled Congress will start opposing the South sympathetic Andrew Johnson. Johnson is

26:42

going to veto an extension of the Freedman's Bureau, but Congress is going to override this. The Civil Rights Bill

26:47

of 1866 is also passed despite Johnson's veto and this is going to lead to the 14th Amendment. This bill is landmark in

26:53

that it defied the Drescott case, giving citizenship to African-Americans and sought to get rid of the black codes. It

26:59

also stipulated that states, not just the federal government, must protect the equality of the law and due process. Has

27:06

also banned former Confederate officials from holding office and punished southern states for disenfranchising

27:11

black citizens. Again, one key idea is that under congressional reconstruction, reconstruction is going to become much

27:17

more radical, seeking complete southern compliance. For example, the Reconstruction Act of 1867 allowed for

27:23

the military occupation and control of the South, splitting the South into five districts governed by Union generals.

27:29

This also banned former Confederates from voting, and the 10% governments are going to be nullified. For readmission,

27:34

states had to ratify both the 13th and 14th Amendments and allow for black suffrage, even though this did not apply

27:40

to women. And again, the 14th amendment states that all citizens are equal under the law and are protected by due

27:46

process. So recall how the relationship between Congress and Johnson is already strained, but the passage of the tenure

27:51

of office act is going to worsen tensions. It states that the Senate must approve of any presidential dismissal,

27:57

weakening the president while protecting Congress members. Johnson is going to narrowly avoid impeachment by one vote

28:02

after removing the secretary war Stanton without a congressional approval, becoming a lame duck president. The key

28:08

idea is that during congressional reconstruction, radical Republicans in Congress will be making decisions, not the president. Now, for the effects of

28:15

congressional reconstruction, key idea is that under congressional/radical reconstruction, the South under goes a

28:21

temporary social and political revolution. The 15th amendment is going to be passed, which granted universal

28:26

male suffrage regardless of race. This causes African-Americans to flock to the poll, redefining the political landscape

28:32

to include African-Americans. For example, Haram Rebels is going to become the first black senator elected in 1870

28:38

and previously Democrat states become Republican. So how did this great system come crumbling down? The big idea is

28:44

that reconstruction is generally viewed as a failure and it unravels for many reasons. For one, the Ku Klux Clan is

28:50

going to be established to secure white supremacy. They're going to resist reconstruction using any means, including lynching and mob violence. In

28:56

fact, the violence gets so bad that the force acts of 1870 and 1871 sends in federal troops to stop the KKK. This

29:03

will have the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which would have guaranteed equal access to public spaces, but this was hardly

29:09

enforced and eventually overturned the Civil Rights Cases of 1883. These Supreme Court rulings essentially ruled

29:14

that racist discrimination is allowed by private individuals. By the 1870s, Congress and Ulyses Srant, the

29:21

president, are going to be apathetic to reconstruction causes. They don't want to use federal power to enforce and

29:26

intervene anymore. The final nail in the coffin is going to be the compromise bill of 1877 that formally ends

29:32

reconstruction by pulling troops out of the south. Now, to briefly recap the big ideas of reconstruction, reconstruction

29:38

did have some short-term successes. The Union was reunited. There were some economic and political opportunities

29:43

given to Freriedman and racial relations were temporarily redefined in the South. However, even though the Civil War ended

29:50

slavery, the oppressive social economic conditions for African-Americans remained. We see that the 14th and 15th

29:55

amendment protections are going to be progressively stripped away through segregation, Jim Crow laws, violence

30:00

from groups like the KKK, and even Supreme Court rulings like pie v Fergensson. However, these progressive

30:05

amendments are going to eventually form judicial landmarks that empower minorities later on in the 1950s and

30:11

1960s. That is all for a push unified review. If you found this video valuable, then please consider

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