Unit 0 Review: Psychological Science Practices & Psychological Perspectives

Unit 0 Review: Psychological Science Practices & Psychological Perspectives - AP Psychology

Part I: Multiple Choice (15 Questions)

  1. Confirmation Bias:

    • Definition: The tendency to search for or interpret information in ways that confirm existing beliefs.

    • Options:

      • A. Hindsight bias

      • B. Confirmation bias

      • C. Overconfidence

      • D. Illusory correlation

  2. Naturalistic Observation:

    • Definition: A research method best for observing behavior in a natural environment without manipulating variables.

    • Options:

      • A. Case study

      • B. Survey

      • C. Naturalistic observation

      • D. Experiment

  3. Independent Variable:

    • Definition: In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

    • Options:

      • A. Dependent variable

      • B. Confounding variable

      • C. Independent variable

      • D. Control variable

  4. The Third Variable Problem:

    • Explanation: A strong relationship between two variables does not necessarily imply causation due to the presence of a third variable.

    • Options:

      • A. Reliability

      • B. Validity

      • C. Random assignment

      • D. The third variable problem

  5. Psychodynamic Perspective:

    • Definition: A researcher who explains behavior primarily through unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is using this perspective.

    • Options:

      • A. Cognitive

      • B. Behavioral

      • C. Psychodynamic

      • D. Humanistic

  6. Double-Blind Study:

    • Definition: A procedure that prevents both participant expectations and researcher expectations from influencing results.

    • Options:

      • A. Single-blind study

      • B. Placebo condition

      • C. Random sampling

      • D. Double-blind study

  7. Mean:

    • Definition: The measure of central tendency most affected by extreme scores.

    • Options:

      • A. Median

      • B. Mode

      • C. Mean

      • D. Range

  8. Scatterplot:

    • Definition: A graph that shows the relationship between two variables.

    • Options:

      • A. Histogram

      • B. Scatterplot

      • C. Bar graph

      • D. Normal curve

  9. Quantitative Research:

    • Definition: Research that collects numerical data and analyzes it statistically.

    • Options:

      • A. Qualitative research

      • B. Case study research

      • C. Quantitative research

      • D. Naturalistic research

  10. Experimental Group:

    • Definition: The group in an experiment that receives the treatment.

    • Options:

      • A. Control group

      • B. Placebo group

      • C. Experimental group

      • D. Representative sample

  11. Informed Consent:

    • Definition: The ethical guideline that ensures participants are informed of potential risks before participating.

    • Options:

      • A. Debriefing

      • B. Informed consent

      • C. Confidentiality

      • D. Protection from harm

  12. Strong Positive Correlation:

    • Explanation: A correlation coefficient of +0.90 indicates a strong positive correlation between two variables.

    • Options:

      • A. A weak positive correlation

      • B. A strong positive correlation

      • C. A strong negative correlation

      • D. No correlation

  13. Social Desirability Bias:

    • Definition: When participants respond in ways they believe are socially acceptable.

    • Options:

      • A. Self-report bias

      • B. Experimenter bias

      • C. Social desirability bias

      • D. Sampling bias

  14. Normal Curve:

    • Definition: The bell-shaped curve that represents many psychological traits.

    • Options:

      • A. Skewed distribution

      • B. Frequency polygon

      • C. Normal curve

      • D. Range

  15. Evolutionary Perspective:

    • Definition: The perspective that emphasizes how behavior and mental processes are shaped by natural selection.

    • Options:

      • A. Biological

      • B. Cognitive

      • C. Evolutionary

      • D. Social-cultural

Part II: Fill in the Blank (10 Questions)

  1. A testable prediction that specifies the relationship between variables is called a Hypothesis.

  2. The process of assigning participants to groups by chance is known as Random Assignment.

  3. The extent to which research findings can be applied to a larger population refers to the Degree to which results can be generalized.

  4. The average distance of scores from the mean is known as the Standard Deviation.

  5. A research study that combines results from many different studies is called a Meta-analysis.

  6. A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population is a Representative Sample.

  7. The ethical principle that requires researchers to explain deception after a study is Debriefing.

  8. The tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average on retesting is known as Regression Toward the Mean.

  9. The approach that focuses on observable behavior and learning is the Behavioral Perspective.

  10. The board responsible for reviewing research proposals for ethical concerns is the Institutional Review Board (IRB).