Bio172 exam 3
Key Concept 25.1 Terminology Flashcards
Primary endosymbiosis
Q: What is primary endosymbiosis?
A: The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by an early eukaryote, giving rise to chloroplasts.
Protists
Q: What are protists?
A: All eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi; a paraphyletic group.
Secondary endosymbiosis
Q: What is secondary endosymbiosis?
A: A eukaryote engulfing another eukaryote that already contains a chloroplast.
Key Concept 25.2 Terminology Flashcards
Apicomplexans
Q: What are apicomplexans?
A: Parasitic alveolates with an apical complex used to invade host cells.
Brown algae
Q: What are brown algae?
A: Multicellular marine stramenopiles with the pigment fucoxanthin.
Cellular slime molds
Q: What are cellular slime molds?
A: Amoebozoans whose individual cells aggregate into a slug when food is scarce.
Cercozoans
Q: What are cercozoans?
A: Diverse rhizarian protists found in soil and aquatic environments.
Ciliates
Q: What are ciliates?
A: Alveolates covered in cilia and possessing two nuclei (macro- and micronucleus).
Coenocyte
Q: What is a coenocyte?
A: A multinucleate cell formed by repeated nuclear divisions without cytokinesis.
Contractile vacuole
Q: What is a contractile vacuole?
A: An organelle that expels excess water to maintain osmotic balance.
Cytoplasmic streaming
Q: What is cytoplasmic streaming?
A: Directed flow of cytoplasm that aids in nutrient transport and movement.
Diatoms
Q: What are diatoms?
A: Photosynthetic stramenopiles with silica cell walls.
Digestive vacuole
Q: What is a digestive vacuole?
A: A membrane-bound compartment where ingested food is broken down.
Dinoflagellates
Q: What are dinoflagellates?
A: Alveolates with two flagella; some cause red tides.
Diplomonads
Q: What are diplomonads?
A: Excavates with two nuclei and reduced mitochondria (e.g., Giardia).
Euglenids
Q: What are euglenids?
A: Excavates with flexible pellicles; some are photosynthetic.
Foraminiferans
Q: What are foraminiferans?
A: Rhizarians with calcium carbonate shells and long pseudopods.
Heteroloboseans
Q: What are heteroloboseans?
A: Excavates that can switch between amoeboid and flagellated forms.
Kinetoplastids
Q: What are kinetoplastids?
A: Excavates with a large mitochondrion containing kinetoplast DNA.
Loboseans
Q: What are loboseans?
A: Amoebozoans with lobe-shaped pseudopods.
Microbial eukaryotes
Q: What are microbial eukaryotes?
A: Single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotes, often called protists.
Myxamoebas
Q: What are myxamoebas?
A: Haploid amoeboid cells of cellular slime molds.
Oomycetes
Q: What are oomycetes?
A: Stramenopile absorptive heterotrophs with cellulose cell walls (water molds).
Parabasalids
Q: What are parabasalids?
A: Excavates with reduced mitochondria and undulating membranes.
Plasmodial slime molds
Q: What are plasmodial slime molds?
A: Amoebozoans forming large coenocytic plasmodia.
Pseudoplasmodium
Q: What is a pseudoplasmodium?
A: A multicellular slug formed by aggregated cellular slime mold cells.
Radiolarians
Q: What are radiolarians?
A: Rhizarians with silica skeletons and radial symmetry.
Stramenopiles
Q: What are stramenopiles?
A: Eukaryotes with two unequal flagella, one with tubular hairs.
Key Concept 25.3 Terminology Flashcards
Alternation of generations
Q: What is alternation of generations?
A: A life cycle alternating between multicellular haploid and diploid stages.
Budding
Q: What is budding?
A: Asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from the parent.
Clonal lineages
Q: What are clonal lineages?
A: Genetically identical offspring produced by asexual reproduction.
Conjugation
Q: What is conjugation in protists?
A: Exchange of micronuclei between two ciliates without reproduction.
Heteromorphic
Q: What does heteromorphic mean?
A: Haploid and diploid stages look different.
Isomorphic
Q: What does isomorphic mean?
A: Haploid and diploid stages look similar.
Sporocytes
Q: What are sporocytes?
A: Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce spores.
Key Concept 25.4 Terminology Flashcards
Complex life cycle
Q: What is a complex life cycle?
A: A life cycle involving multiple hosts or stages.
Primary producers
Q: What are primary producers?
A: Organisms that convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Key Concept 28.1 Terminology Flashcards
Fungi Digest Food Outside Their Bodies
Absorptive heterotrophy
Q: What is absorptive heterotrophy?
A: A feeding strategy in which fungi secrete enzymes externally and absorb digested nutrients.
Hyphae
Q: What are hyphae?
A: Tubular fungal filaments that make up the mycelium.
Mycelium
Q: What is a mycelium?
A: A network of hyphae forming the main body of a fungus.
Rhizoids
Q: What are rhizoids?
A: Modified hyphae that anchor fungi to substrates.
Saprobes (saprotrophs)
Q: What are saprobes?
A: Fungi that feed on dead organic matter.
Parasites
Q: What are parasitic fungi?
A: Fungi that feed on living organisms, often harming the host.
Septa / septate hyphae
Q: What are septa?
A: Cross-walls dividing hyphae into compartments.
Coenocytic hyphae
Q: What are coenocytic hyphae?
A: Hyphae lacking septa, containing continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei.
Key Concept 28.2 Terminology Flashcards
Fungi Are Decomposers, Parasites, Predators, or Mutualists
Mycorrhizae
Q: What are mycorrhizae?
A: Mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots.
Ectomycorrhizae
Q: What are ectomycorrhizae?
A: Mycorrhizae where fungal hyphae surround but do not penetrate root cells.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Q: What are arbuscular mycorrhizae?
A: Mycorrhizae where fungal hyphae penetrate root cell walls and form arbuscules.
Lichen
Q: What is a lichen?
A: A mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (alga or cyanobacterium).
Crustose lichen
Q: What is a crustose lichen?
A: A lichen forming a crust-like layer tightly attached to surfaces.
Foliose lichen
Q: What is a foliose lichen?
A: A leaf-like lichen with lobed edges.
Fruticose lichen
Q: What is a fruticose lichen?
A: A shrubby, branching lichen.
Haustoria
Q: What are haustoria?
A: Specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi to extract nutrients from host cells.
Mutualistic association
Q: What is a mutualistic association?
A: A relationship where both partners benefit.
Soredia
Q: What are soredia?
A: Lichen reproductive structures containing algal cells wrapped in fungal hyphae.
Thallus
Q: What is a thallus?
A: The body of a lichen.
Obligate parasite
Q: What is an obligate parasite?
A: A parasite that must live on a host to survive.
Facultative parasite
Q: What is a facultative parasite?
A: A fungus that can live as a parasite or as a saprobe.
Key Concept 28.3 Terminology Flashcards
Sex in Fungi Involves Multiple Mating Types
Plasmogamy
Q: What is plasmogamy?
A: Fusion of cytoplasm between two fungal mating types.
Karyogamy
Q: What is karyogamy?
A: Fusion of nuclei to form a diploid zygote.
Dikaryon
Q: What is a dikaryon?
A: A fungal cell or hypha containing two genetically distinct haploid nuclei (n + n).
Dikarya
Q: What is the Dikarya?
A: A clade including Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, characterized by a dikaryotic stage.
Mating types
Q: What are fungal mating types?
A: Genetically distinct compatibility types that determine sexual fusion.
Zygospore
Q: What is a zygospore?
A: A thick-walled sexual spore formed in zygospore fungi.
Sporangiophores
Q: What are sporangiophores?
A: Specialized hyphae that bear sporangia.
Conidia
Q: What are conidia?
A: Asexual spores produced at hyphal tips.
Ascospores
Q: What are ascospores?
A: Sexual spores formed inside an ascus in Ascomycota.
Ascus (asci)
Q: What is an ascus?
A: A saclike structure where meiosis occurs in Ascomycota.
Basidiospores
Q: What are basidiospores?
A: Sexual spores formed on a basidium in Basidiomycota.
Basidium (basidia)
Q: What is a basidium?
A: A club-shaped structure where karyogamy and meiosis occur in Basidiomycota.
Microsporidia
Q: What are Microsporidia?
A: Highly reduced, spore-forming intracellular parasites.
Chytrids (Chytridiomycota)
Q: What are chytrids?
A: Aquatic fungi with flagellated gametes and spores.
Zygospore fungi (Zoopagomycota)
Q: What are zygospore fungi?
A: Fungi producing a unicellular zygospore with many diploid nuclei.
Glomeromycotina
Q: What are Glomeromycotina?
A: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi forming endomycorrhizae.
Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
Q: What are sac fungi?
A: Fungi producing sexual spores in an ascus.
Club fungi (Basidiomycota)
Q: What are club fungi?
A: Fungi producing sexual spores on a basidium.
Key Concept 26.1 Terminology Flashcards
Primary endosymbiosis & early plant evolution
Chlorophytes
Q: What are chlorophytes?
A: A major clade of green algae that includes most “green algae,” primarily aquatic.
Coleochaetophytes
Q: What are coleochaetophytes?
A: Freshwater green algae closely related to land plants, retaining eggs on the parent.
Embryophytes
Q: What are embryophytes?
A: Land plants; they retain and protect the embryo.
Glaucophytes
Q: What are glaucophytes?
A: Unicellular algae with chloroplasts containing peptidoglycan, sister to all other Plantae.
Green plants
Q: What are green plants?
A: The clade containing chlorophyll a and b and storing starch in chloroplasts.
Land plants
Q: What are land plants?
A: Embryophytes; plants adapted to terrestrial environments.
Nonvascular land plants
Q: What are nonvascular land plants?
A: Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts; lack vascular tissue.
Phycoerythrin
Q: What is phycoerythrin?
A: A red accessory pigment found in red algae.
Plantae
Q: What is Plantae?
A: The clade of organisms with chloroplasts from primary endosymbiosis.
Red algae
Q: What are red algae?
A: Mostly multicellular algae with phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a.
Stoneworts
Q: What are stoneworts?
A: Freshwater green algae with branched multicellular bodies; closest relatives of land plants.
Streptophytes
Q: What are streptophytes?
A: The clade including land plants and green algae except chlorophytes.
Tracheids
Q: What are tracheids?
A: Water‑conducting cells with lignified walls found in vascular plants.
Tracheophytes
Q: What are tracheophytes?
A: Vascular plants with xylem and phloem.
Vascular plants
Q: What are vascular plants?
A: Plants with specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transport.
🌱 Key Concept 26.2 Terminology Flashcards
Adaptations for life on land & alternation of generations
Alternation of generations
Q: What is alternation of generations?
A: A life cycle with multicellular haploid and diploid stages.
Antheridium
Q: What is an antheridium?
A: A gametangium that produces sperm.
Archegonium
Q: What is an archegonium?
A: A gametangium that produces and protects the egg.
Embryo
Q: What is an embryo in plants?
A: A young sporophyte retained and nourished by the gametophyte.
Gametangia
Q: What are gametangia?
A: Structures that produce and protect gametes.
Gametophyte
Q: What is a gametophyte?
A: The haploid, gamete‑producing stage of the plant life cycle.
Sporophyte
Q: What is a sporophyte?
A: The diploid, spore‑producing stage of the plant life cycle.
Hornworts
Q: What are hornworts?
A: Nonvascular plants with a persistently green, basally growing sporophyte.
Indusium (indusia)
Q: What is an indusium?
A: A protective flap covering fern sori.
Liverworts
Q: What are liverworts?
A: Nonvascular plants lacking stomata; gametophyte is flat or leafy.
Mosses
Q: What are mosses?
A: Nonvascular plants with stomata and a leafy gametophyte.
Sporangia
Q: What are sporangia?
A: Structures where spores are produced by meiosis.
Spores (plants)
Q: What are plant spores?
A: Haploid cells produced by meiosis that grow into gametophytes.
Stomata
Q: What are stomata?
A: Pores that regulate gas exchange and water loss.
Sorus (sori)
Q: What is a sorus?
A: A cluster of sporangia on the underside of a fern frond.
🌾 Key Concept 26.3 Terminology Flashcards
Vascular tissues, heterospory, and diversification
Euphyllophytes
Q: What are euphyllophytes?
A: The clade containing monilophytes and seed plants.
Ferns
Q: What are ferns?
A: Vascular plants with frondlike leaves and sori.
Homospory
Q: What is homospory?
A: Production of a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.
Heterospory
Q: What is heterospory?
A: Production of two spore types: microspores and megaspores.
Horsetails (Equisetum)
Q: What are horsetails?
A: Monilophytes with jointed stems and whorled leaves.
Lycophytes
Q: What are lycophytes?
A: Vascular plants with microphylls and sporangia in leaf axils.
Male gametophyte
Q: What is a male gametophyte?
A: The gametophyte that produces sperm (from microspores).
Female gametophyte
Q: What is a female gametophyte?
A: The gametophyte that produces eggs (from megaspores).
Megaphyll
Q: What is a megaphyll?
A: A large, complex leaf with branched vascular tissue.
Microphyll
Q: What is a microphyll?
A: A small leaf with a single unbranched vein.
Megaspore
Q: What is a megaspore?
A: A spore that develops into a female gametophyte.
Microspore
Q: What is a microspore?
A: A spore that develops into a male gametophyte.
Megasporangia
Q: What are megasporangia?
A: Structures that produce megaspores.
Microsporangia
Q: What are microsporangia?
A: Structures that produce microspores.
Monilophytes
Q: What are monilophytes?
A: Ferns and horsetails; the sister group to seed plants.
Overtopping growth
Q: What is overtopping growth?
A: A growth pattern where one branch grows more strongly than others, leading to megaphyll evolution.
Phloem
Q: What is phloem?
A: Vascular tissue that transports sugars.
Xylem
Q: What is xylem?
A: Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals.
Rhyniophytes
Q: What are rhyniophytes?
A: Extinct early vascular plants lacking roots and leaves.
Strobilus (strobili)
Q: What is a strobilus?
A: A cone-like structure containing sporangia.
Seed plants
Q: What are seed plants?
A: Vascular plants that produce seeds and pollen.
Seed
Q: What is a seed?
A: A multicellular structure containing an embryo, stored food, and a protective coat.
Pollen grain
Q: What is a pollen grain?
A: The male gametophyte of seed plants.
Ovule
Q: What is an ovule?
A: A structure containing the megasporangium, megaspore, and female gametophyte.
Pollination
Q: What is pollination?
A: Transfer of pollen to the ovule or stigma.
Fertilization
Q: What is fertilization in seed plants?
A: Fusion of sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote.
Heterospory
Q: What is heterospory?
A: Production of two spore types: microspores (male) and megaspores (female).
Megaspore
Q: What is a megaspore?
A: A spore that develops into the female gametophyte.
Microspore
Q: What is a microspore?
A: A spore that develops into the male gametophyte (pollen).
🌲 Gymnosperm Terminology
Gymnosperms
Q: What are gymnosperms?
A: Seed plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruit.
Conifers
Q: What are conifers?
A: Gymnosperms with cones and needlelike leaves (e.g., pines, firs).
Cycads
Q: What are cycads?
A: Palm‑like gymnosperms with large cones.
Ginkgo
Q: What is Ginkgo?
A: A gymnosperm lineage represented by a single living species (Ginkgo biloba).
Gnetophytes
Q: What are gnetophytes?
A: A gymnosperm group including Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia.
Strobilus
Q: What is a strobilus?
A: A cone-like structure containing sporangia.
Pollen cone
Q: What is a pollen cone?
A: A cone that produces microspores and pollen.
Ovulate cone
Q: What is an ovulate cone?
A: A cone that produces megaspores and ovules.
🌸 Angiosperm Terminology
Angiosperms
Q: What are angiosperms?
A: Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.
Flower
Q: What is a flower?
A: The reproductive structure of angiosperms.
Carpel
Q: What is a carpel?
A: The female reproductive organ of a flower; contains the ovary, style, and stigma.
Stamen
Q: What is a stamen?
A: The male reproductive organ of a flower; contains anther and filament.
Anther
Q: What is an anther?
A: The structure where microspores and pollen are produced.
Ovary
Q: What is an ovary?
A: The part of the carpel that contains ovules and develops into fruit.
Fruit
Q: What is a fruit?
A: A mature ovary containing seeds.
Double fertilization
Q: What is double fertilization?
A: One sperm fertilizes the egg; the other fertilizes the central cell to form endosperm.
Endosperm
Q: What is endosperm?
A: Triploid nutritive tissue supporting embryo development.
Monocots
Q: What are monocots?
A: Angiosperms with one cotyledon, parallel veins, and scattered vascular bundles.
Eudicots
Q: What are eudicots?
A: Angiosperms with two cotyledons, netlike veins, and ringed vascular bundles.
🌼 Flower Structure Terminology
Sepal
Q: What is a sepal?
A: A leaflike structure protecting the flower bud.
Petal
Q: What is a petal?
A: A colorful structure attracting pollinators.
Stigma
Q: What is the stigma?
A: The sticky surface where pollen lands.
Style
Q: What is the style?
A: The stalk connecting stigma to ovary.
Filament
Q: What is the filament?
A: The stalk supporting the anther.
🌾 Seed & Embryo Terminology
Cotyledon
Q: What is a cotyledon?
A: A seed leaf that stores or absorbs nutrients.
Seed coat
Q: What is a seed coat?
A: The protective outer layer of a seed.
Dormancy
Q: What is seed dormancy?
A: A period during which a seed remains inactive until conditions are favorable.
Germination
Q: What is germination?
A: The process by which a seed resumes growth and becomes a seedling.