External factors:

• Material factors

• Cultural background

• Linguistic differences

• Parental attitudes and socialisation

• Racism in wider society

• Subcultural attitudes

Internal factors:

• Teacher-pupil interactions

• Institutional racism

• Pro and anti-school subcultures

• Organisation of teaching, learning and assessment

• Setting and streaming

• Curriculum content

Interactions between internal and external:

• Linguistic differences

  • Language learnt at home

  • Language of education based upon middle-class values

• Labelling

  • Labels applied based on family background, appearance, language and attitudes

  • Influenced by external factors

Interactions between internal and external factors:

• Habitus comes from home life

• Clashes with habitus of school

  • School imposes its tastes and attitudes onto students

• Curriculum content

• Parental knowledge of the curriculum comes from social class that can be passed down to the content

• Racism in wider society influences stereotypical views that some teachers hold

• Lack of educational role models in society leads to underperformance in school

• Anti-school subcultures-collectivist nature of the working class replicated in subcultures

• Gendered socialisation at home reinforced by gendered teachers in subjects

• Teacher expectations of girls and boys differ because of external influences

• The feminisation of education led to fewer males choosing to go into teaching