Comprehensive Study Notes on Bystander CPR Education and Community Campaigns

Overview of Bystander CPR and Emergency Response

Definition of Bystander CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by a nonprofessional responder.
Impact on Survival: Patients are $2 imes$ (two times) more likely to leave the hospital after a cardiac arrest if bystander CPR is performed.
Target Audience Categories identified in the presentations: * Adolescents and High School Students ( $12$ to $18$ years old). * Rural and Remote Communities. * First Nations peoples (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples). * Sporting Communities (Athletes, Coaches, and Parents). * Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Communities. * Mature Aged People (Retirement Lifestyle Villages).

Campaign: First Nations Peoples in Remote and Regional WA

Presenters: Caitlin, Levi, Lana, Toby, and Ashley.
Land Acknowledgment: Recognition of Wajuk Noongar Buja and First Nations peoples across Western Australia, honoring elders and the connection to culture and country.
Rationale for Target Group: * Significant health and geographical inequities. * Higher and earlier rates of cardiovascular disease. * Higher rates of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in younger Indigenous Australians. * Geographical isolation leads to significantly longer Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response times.
Existing Education Barriers: Previous education was not culturally appropriate, accessible, or was heavy in medical jargon.
Campaign Strategy: * Co-designed and co-delivered with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders. * "On country" training delivered by elders, aunts, and uncles. * Conducted in language and in a "clinical yarning" setting. * Focus on storytelling and shared community responsibility rather than raw statistics. * Use of First Nations first aid trainers to avoid barriers to understanding.

Campaign: The "Ultimate Assist" (Sporting Community)

Presenters: Keilani, Lauren, Lucy, Callum, and Conla.
Athlete Risk Factors: Athletes are $2.5$ times more likely to die from cardiac arrest than non-sporting peers.
Contextual Scenarios: A stadium like the MCG can seat $100,000$ people; statistically, $14$ of those people could experience cardiac arrest during a game.
Debunking Common Myths and Fears: * Modesty/Gender: Responders fear performing CPR on women due to breast contact. The truth is that saving a life is more important than modesty, and clothing layers/bras may need to be removed. * Legal Fears: Responders worry about being sued. In Australia, the Good Samaritan Law protects individuals who step up to help in an emergency. * Injury: Fear of breaking ribs. It is stated that it is better to have "cracked ribs and a beating heart than intact ribs and a silent heart." * Breath Delivery: Mouth-to-mouth is no longer strictly recommended; strong chest compressions are protected for both parties. * AED Fear: Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are designed for anyone; they provide audible step-by-step instructions and visual diagrams.

Campaign: Rural High School Students ("Bring Their Feedback")

Presenters: Scott, Beck, Katie, Nat, and Steph.
Saint John WA Statistics (2024): * $1,240$ cardiac arrest patients treated. * $133$ patients survived. * The majority of cardiac arrests occurred in homes.
Defining Cardiac Arrest vs. Heart Attack: * Heart Attack: A "plumbing issue" where blood flow to the heart is blocked. * Cardiac Arrest: An "electrical issue" where the heart cannot pump blood effectively, compared to lights flickering during a power outage.
Rural Challenges: * Ambulance response times are delayed because crews are often volunteers who must travel from home to the station (taking over $3$ minutes) before starting the drive to the patient.
Program Details: * One-hour session during school hours. * Use of arm mannequins with real-time feedback. * No cost to students.

Campaign: Coaching and Sporting Environments

Presenters: Melissa, Peter, Sam, Frank, and Luffy.
O'Keefe et al. Study (2025): * Delay in CPR leads to progressively lower neurological outcomes. * Survival rates decline by approximately $10\%$ for every minute without intervention. * Minimal chance of recovery after $10$ minutes.
EMS Response Time: Average time is slightly over $10$ minutes to arrive on scene.
Inclusive Strategies: * Posters in high-traffic areas (coaches' offices, equipment sheds). * Simpler language for those who speak English as a second language. * Multilingual versions of posters to account for diverse cultural backgrounds.

Campaign: Mandatory Curriculum Change

Focus: Advocating for the School Curriculum Standards Authority to mandate CPR in all WA schools.
Australian Statistics: * $32,000$ people experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest annually. * This equates to $1$ person every $5$ minutes or $12$ people per hour. * Bystander intervention increases survival rates by up to $70\%$ .
Luxembourg Case Study (2017–2025): * CPR training became mandatory in schools. * Bystander intervention rates increased from $31\%$ to $49\%$ ( $18\%$ increase). * One-month survival rates more than doubled.
Provider Programs: * Surf Life Saving WA (SLS WA): Offers "Life Skills for Life," a 2-hour interactive workshop covering ocean safety and CPR. * Saint John's: Offers age-specific courses for Years $7$ to $10$ .
Psychological Barriers: The Bystander Effect occurs when individuals do not help due to lack of knowledge or social pressure; education is the primary tool to overcome this.

Campaign: Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Communities

The Skill Gap: Only $35\%$ of migrants report knowing how to perform CPR, compared to $77\%$ of Australian-born individuals.
Intervention: Distributed pamphlets in public spaces (cafes, shopping centers).
Materials Design: * Inclusive imagery and gender-neutral language. * Integration of the DRSABCD process (Doctors ABCD). * Bypass language barriers through clear diagrams and simple step-by-step guidance.

Campaign: Mature Aged/Retirement Lifestyle Villages ("Hands For Hearts")

Presenters: Sunny, Harry, Cody, Zach, and Zoe.
Rationale: As age increases, the risk of cardiac arrest increases.
CPR Procedure (for mature responders): * Check response; if no response, listen and feel for breathing for up to $10$ seconds. * Call $000$ . * Kneel next to the casualty, place the palm of one hand in the center of the chest, interlace fingers with the second hand. * Keep arms straight; lean shoulders over the hands. * Compression depth: Press down hard to $\frac{1}{3}$ (one-third) of the chest depth. * Compression rate: $100$ to $120$ compressions per minute.

General CPR Protocol and Chain of Survival

Chain of Survival Steps: 1. Early Access: Recognize the situation and call $000$ . 2. Early CPR: Commence compressions at a rate of $100$ to $120$ per minute and a depth of $5\,\text{cm}$ . 3. Early Defibrillation: Retrieve and use the closest AED. 4. Early Advanced Care: Professional medical intervention.
Oxygenation Facts: Without the heart pumping, the brain begins to die after $4$ minutes due to hypoxia.

Questions & Discussion

Q: Where do we submit the assignment components? * A: Submit to individual assignment links on Canvas for the group presentation, collaboration, and campaign plan. If one member presses submit, it shows up for the whole group.
Q: Should collaboration evidence be one document? * A: It is preferred to have screenshots of group chats and meeting minutes in one single Word document to make it easier for markers, though individual files are permitted.
Q: Are we presenting into the parents or the daycare owners? * A: Clarification that for certain groups, the goal is to convince daycare owners to host the program for parents, highlighting that child safety is the owners' responsibility even after the child goes home.
General Interaction: Mention of "Mission Impossible: minimizing the terror of pediatric resuscitation" as a catchy title/reference for students wearing ECU uniforms to look cohesive.