Chapter 18 - The Markets for the Factors of Production
- Factors of production: the inputs used to produce goods and services.
18-1 The Demands for Labor
The Competitive Profit-Maximizing Firm
- In this firm two assumptions are made: competition exists in both the product and input markets, and the firm is a profit maximizer.
The Production Function and the Marginal Product of Labor
- Production function: the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.
- Marginal product of labor: the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.
- Diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.
The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for Labor
- Value of the marginal product: the marginal product of input times the price of the output.
- A competitive firm hires workers until the marginal product of labor's value is equal to the wage.
What Causes the Labor-Demand Curve to Shift?
- The output price and technological change cause the labor-demand curve to shift.
- Technological change doesn't benefit all workers.
- The amount of output a typical U.S. worker produced between 1960 and 2015 increased by 195%.
18-2 The Supply of Labor
The Trade-Off between Work and Leisure
- The income effect and substitution effect are conflicting effects on someone's labor-supply decision.
- The trade-off can cause a backward bending supply curve of labor.
- An income effect is an effect during the change in wage where the higher wage increases income and the demand for leisure.
- A substitution effect is when the higher wage increases the cost of leisure but reduces the demand for it.
What Causes the Labor-Supply Curve to Shift?
- Changes in tastes, alternative opportunities, and immigration cause the labor-supply curve to shit.
- The women's participation in the labor force increases as a change in tastes.
18-3 Equilibrium in the Labor Market
Shifts in Labor Supply
- 95% of U.S. citizens would annually benefit from a higher number of highly educated foreigners working legally after immigrating to the U.S.
- An increase in immigration increases the supply of physicians, while the demand for apples and apple pickers also increases.
Shifts in Labor Demand
- Productivity by output per hour grew by 2.1% each year from 1959 to 2012.
- Productivity is key in acquiring a higher standard of living.
- Physical capital, human capital, and technological knowledge are key in determining levels of productivity.
18-4 The Other Factors of Production: Land and Capital
- Capital: the equipment and structures used to produce goods and services.
Equilibrium in the Markets for Land and Capital
- When someone pays to use a factor for a limited period of time, they're paying a rental price.
- "Labor, land, and capital each earn the value of its marginal contribution to the production process."
Linkages Among the Factors of Production
- When an event changes the supply of any factor of production, the earnings of all the factors can be altered.
18-5 Conclusion
- The theory of neoclassical theory of distribution explains how labor, land, and capital are compensated for the roles they play in the production process.
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