PRACTICE

  1. Different types of pathogenic organisms are: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other organisms that can cause infectious disease. 

 

  1. Endemic - expected levels of disease in a region 

  2. Epidemic - a rapid increase in cases higher than expected in a population within a region 

  3. SARS - it's an example of an epidemic 

  4. Pandemic - when an epidemic is widespread and crosses borders 

  5. Outbreak - is a small scale epidemic 

  6. A small scale epidemic is called an outbreak. 

  7. Virulence is an organisms ability to cause infectious disease 

  8. If some infectious agents are not very likely to cause disease we can say that they are not very virulent 

  9. An example of A disease that is not very virulent is polio 

  10. How are pathogens able to cause infection? 

  • They have flagella 
  • Pilai 
  • Capsules 
  • Endospores 
  • biofilms  
  • endotoxins 
  • Exotoxins 

  1. Flagella are protein filaments that help bacteria to move around 

  2. another name for fimbriae is pilli 

  3. pilai resemble a porcupine 

  4. a pathogen that binds to cells or grabs hold of them to infect them is Pillai 

  5. protective walls that surround some cell membranes of pathogens are capsules 

  6. A pathogen that makes macrophages and neutrophils is a capsule 

  7. a type of pathogen that is resistant to hot and cold and also resistant to drying and chemical agents are endospores 

  8. a bunker that is impermeable to our host antibody reaction is called biofilm 

  9. is it true or false that some pathogens use exotoxins and endotoxins to make themselves more virulent 

  10. proteins released by bacteria that cause disease manifestations are called exotoxins 

  11. A neurotoxin that acts on the nerves or motor end plates that can cause paralysis is an example of an exotoxin or an endotoxin 

  12. What type of toxin acts on the gastrointestinal tract to cause diarrhea. The answer is enterotoxin 

  13. Cytokines can cause rashes and fevers 

  14. the type of toxin that stimulates the release of cytokines is called pyrogenic exotoxin 

  15. endotoxins are found on gram negative bacteria 

  16. endotoxins are responsible for causing host defects 

  17. host defects are things like fever, changes in blood pressure, inflammation and lethal shock 

  18. once an agent infects a host the degree and severity of the infection will depend on the hosts ability to fight off the infectious agent 

  19. virulence and host susceptibility cannot be separated 

  20. The things that make a host susceptible to infection are 

  • Immune system 
  • Age 
  • Nutrition 
  • genetic defects 
  • Medication 
  1. the ability of the host to prevent an infection from occurring is dependent on: 
  • Barriers 
  • Chemicals 
  • Immunity 

  1. at common effect of aging is that it weakens our specific and nonspecific defenses 

  2. Why are infants susceptible to infection and disease? Because their immune systems are not fully developed 

  3. Genetic defects happen because people may not have neutrophil that kill the bacteria 

  4. Chemicals in tears and saliva provide resistance to invading pathogens 

  5. some ways that host resistance can be compromised and make an individual susceptible to an infection are: 

  • if the skin or mucosa is breached 
  • cystic fibrosis patients who have poor ciliary function 
  • intubation and catheterization 
  1. A patient with poor ciliary function may have cystic fibrosis. 

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