ORAL COM
Comm
Humans spend almost___ of daily time consuming
70%
Communication
Exchange of thought, feelings, expressions and observations among people
Actions, manerisms, and style anything attached to a message that gives meaning is.
Communication
Communication as a process
People communicate following their creative and convenient ways and method to achieve a certain goal or objective
Communication as a interaction
Communication binds people together. Interaction with one another connects their understanding
Sender (speaker/encoder)
The communication process begins here, also called the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of information - command, request, question, or idea that wants to present to others
Receiver (listener/decoder)
The person to whom a massage is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. To comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it.
Message
The ___ or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. Additional subtext can be conveyed through body language a tone of voice. Put all three elements together - sender, receiver & message
— and you have the communication process at its most basic.
Medium
Also called the channel, how a message is transmitted. Text messages for example, transmitted through the medium of cell phones
The noice (hindrance)
It is also known as interference that keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted. It is occurred between the sender e receiver. I can be interna or external..
Context
This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact on the successful exchange of information. It may be have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it.
Feedback(response)
The communication process reaches it final point when the message has been successfully transmitled, receixed, and understoco The receiver, ih turn, respond to the sender indicating comprehension
Non- Verbal communication includes the following
Tone of voice.
Rate a volume of speech.
Rhythm, intonation & stress placed on words V Facial Expression
How we article our words
The amount of eye contact we make
Gestures/ touch
Body language and posturing
Verbal Communication
spoken language to communicate a message or information. It involves the production of Sounds, words, phrases, and sentences through speech.
Linguistic
The study of human language is called
Phonology
the study sound system in a language. It includes knowledge on how one organizes and structures sounds convey meaning.
Morphology
study of formation of words. Words consist of morphemes - a letter or syllable of a word with particular meaning.
Syntax
study of how words are put together to form gramatically correct sentences in a language.
Pragmatics
the study of language use It studies how words can be interpreted in different situations.
Non Verbal Communication
refers to the conscious or subconscious transmission and reception of messages of information using the body. H includes body gestures, facial expression, posture, e tone. It is usually. influenced by one's culture, values and attitude or feeling.
Kinesics
deals with the body movements, facial expressions & gestures.
Proxemics
refers to the amount of distance & space used in a communication process or situation.
Haptics
deals with the communication through touch, shaking a hand, hugging, a touching a person's arm are some examples.
Paralanguage
refers to the nonverbal cues tof the voice such as volume, pitch. intonation, tone.
Chronemics (time)
involves the role of time in communication
Appearance ( physical look)
refers to the physical look that conveys a message.
Artifacts (tool)
simply objects used as tool to convey a message.
Linear Model (Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver's 1949)
It presents a simple communication act that involves persuasion, not mutual understanding.
It values psychological effects over social effects.
Interactive Model (David Berlo's 1960)
It is an improved process of communication.
It still begins with a sender, in which a speaker encodes message using different channels.
The receiver listens as he or she decodes the message. Feedback is the next stage of the process.
Transactional (Wilbur 1954)
Participation is continuous and simultaneous and all communication have a past, present and future situations,
All communicators play roles. Schramm's
Model of Communication.
Process barriers
It shows that one of the elements in the communication process blocks the flow of messages.
Physical barriers
It include distracting sound and noise. These make it hard for the listeners to catch what was said. The speaker and listener are affected by the sound and noise in their surroundings.
Semantic barriers
It refer to problems arising from the expression or transmission of meaning. Meaning for words are filtered through one's frame of reference or the total of his or her beliefs, knowledge, education, culture, and experience.
Denotative barriers
which are based on and caused by the direct meaning of a word. These kinds of barriers happen when sender and receiver disagree with the meaning of the word. The word "comment" for new generation Facebook users are different from the older generation who never used or aware of social media networking websites.
Psychological barriers
It can be one's status and perception. Consciousness of one's status affects the two-way flow of communication. It gives rise to personal barriers caused by the superior-subordinate relationship.
Cultural noise
It means a wrong explanation of another person's behaviors. Cultural noise produced due to the wrong meaning of messages, therefore, it is little similar to semantic noise. The meaning of nonverbal cues is not the same in every culture and society.
Syntactical noise
It is a grammatical wrong sentence that the receiver unable to accomplish the proper meaning. Using difficult language during computer programming. It is also in contrast
to syntactic sugar.
Encoding barriers
Lack of sensitivity to receiver.
b.Lack of basic communication skills
Not enough knowledge of the subject.
Information overload.
Emotional interference.
Lack of sensitivity to receiver
Recipients do not feel that information is important or meet the needs of the recipient.
Lack of basic communication skills
Informants are not good communicators
Not enough knowledge of the subject
The speaker does not know the meaning or definition of the subject.
Information overload
For instance, a longtime class without any break is the best example of information.
Emotional interference
The recipient's emotion is unstable and this instability affects the way he/she processes the message.
Transmitting barriers
Physical distractions.
Conflicting messages.
Channel Barriers.
Physical distractions
Bad connection of transmitting lines produce physical distraction that is also known as physical noise.
Conflicting messages
Poorly understood writing / cultural differences similar to cultural noise can cause this.
Channel Barriers
This barrier can be caused by facts that are hard to remember or those facts given to recipients by telephone.
Intercultural communication
communication between people from two different cultures.
people from different cultures create shared meanings.
effects on communication behavior, when different cultures interact together.
Symbolic Exchange
language, gestures, or rituals
Irreversible process
It underscores the lasting effects of cultural interactions.
Different cultural communities
it represents the diverse cultural contexts that influence how people interact, communicate, and build relationships.
Negotiate shared meanings.
work together to reach mutual understanding and agreement on the interpretation of symbols, messages, and behaviors.
Interactive situations.
dynamic exchanges between individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
Gender roles
encompass the expectations and behaviors associated with gender within cultural contexts.
Age Identity
how people understand their own age and how they are perceived and treated by others based on their age.
Social Class
individual's socio-economic position influences their communication practices,
Religious Identity
respecting religious identity in socio-cultural communication
Ethnocentrism.
mistaken belief that your culture is superior to others
"My culture should be a role model for other cultures"
Stereotyping
means generalization about a group of people that oversimplifies their characteristics. It relies on exaggerated beliefs to make judgments about a group of people.
"Malays are lazy; Chinese are greedy and rich".
Prejudice
It is a negative attitudes about other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.
"A person cannot be brilliant unless has a bachelor's degree from a re-known school."
"I don't want a person with disabilities working on our group project."
Discrimination
It describes how we act-out and express prejudice. When we discriminate, we exclude groups of people from opportunities granted to others:
"Racial, ethnic, religious, gender, sexual harassment, sexual orientation, disability, aged people from different social classes and political ideologies"
SPEECH CONTEXT
refers to the setting in which the communication takes place. J. A. De Vito (2005)
helps to establish a meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.
INTRAPERSONAL
centers on one person where the speaker acts as both the sender and the receiver of the message. The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings.
Example: You spent the night thinking and analyzing how to budget your allowance for a week.
THE BRAIN OF THE SPEAKER
The channel of communication for intrapersonal communication is the brain of the speaker that processes his or her thoughts or feelings.
INTERPERSONAL
Communication between and among people establishes personal relationships between and among them.
Example: Talking to your classmate about your final requirement.
BETWEEN AND AMONG PEOPLE
Normally, it includes two individuals and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal communication situations.
DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
DYAD COMMUNICATION
• It consists of two persons who are formally or informally interacting with each other verbally or nonverbally.
SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
• It consists of three to twelve people exchanging views on a common topic or aiming at a common goal face to face.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
Communication that requires you to deliver or send a message before or in front of a group or an audience.
EXAMPLE: A senator delivers his speech to the Senate.
"In public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is larger."
S. Hybels & R. Weaver (2012)
MASS COMMUNICATION
Communication that takes place through television, radio, newspaper, billboards, and other forms of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the school's newspaper.
A WIDE RANGE OF AUDIENCES
Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
Communication Shifting
Communicating between departments (e.g. operations and maintenance) and within departments should be well-defined and monitored in an organization or group.
Problems with communication have contributed to accidents and near misses in many workplaces or areas.
The following can result when unreliable communications occur:
1 missing information
5 unnecessary information
2 inaccurate information
6 poor or variable quality of
3 misunderstandings
information
4 failing to carry forward information over successive shifts.
Communication Compositions:
Language form
Duration of Interaction
Relation of Speaker
Role and responsibilities of the speaker.
Message
Delivery
Things to consider:
1.carefully specify what key information needs to be communicated;
2. know your audience;
3. aim to cut out the transmission of unnecessary information;
4. use aids (such as logs, computer displays) based on the key information needed to help accurate communication when needed;
5. aim to repeat the key information using different mediums, e.g.
6. allow sufficient time for communication particularly at shift handover;
7. encourage two-way communication with both the giver and recipient of the information taking responsibility for accurate communication;
encourage the asking of confirmation, clarification and repetition;
9. encourage face-to-face communication wherever feasible
Expository (Informative) Speech
conveys information which the audience does not know. This is done to explain or enlighten the listeners about a subject matter. The goal of any informative speaker is to impart knowledge and develop understanding for the audience's use.
Speech about objects.
This type of speech focuses on what is tangible instead of abstract. It involves talking about things in the sensory and physical world.
Speech about events.
It concentrates on important incidents, personal or historical and seeks to enlighten the listeners about said events.
Speech about processes.
a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular and desired outcome. The step-by-step detail on how to make a pillow cushion or how to make homemade pasta may be the content of this speech.
Speech about concept.
It centers on what is abstract rather than what is concrete. This focuses on theoretical philosophies and views like poverty reduction, world peace Christianity and or racial discrimination are some of the examples of this.
Guidelines for Expository or Informative Speaking
Clarify the purpose
Explain for the average person
Use clear language
Use visual aids
Organize the ideas
Persuasive Speech
The speaker has a goal of convincing the audience to accept his or her point of view. The speech is arranged in such a way as to hopefully cause the audience to accept all or part of the expressed view.
Components of a Persuasive Speech
Logic appeals
are arguments that present a set of information and show why a conclusion must rationally be true. For example, arguments heard in court are logical arguments.
Emotional appeals
are appeals that seek to make the audience feel a certain way so that they will accept a conclusion. Negative political ads, for example, often incorporate emotional appeals by juxtaposing an opponent with a negative emotion such as fear.
The effectiveness of a persuasive speech also depends on:
Factors beyond the words of the speech.
• The willingness of the audience to accept a new view
• The body language of the speaker.
• The environment in which the speech is given