Conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971 at Stanford University to explore psychological effects of perceived power.
24 male college students were recruited, assigned as either prisoners or guards in a mock prison.
Design of the Experiment
Participants: Chosen for emotional stability, healthy background, judged to be law-abiding citizens.
Mock Prison Setup: Located in Stanford's psychology building; designed to resemble actual prisons, with few comforts and strict controls.
Roles: Randomly assigned; guards wore uniforms and mirrored sunglasses, prisoners wore smocks and ID numbers.
Key Rules Established
Prisoners had to follow strict rules, maintain silence during designated times, and even identify each other only by ID numbers.
Guards tasked with maintaining order and enforcing rules without formal training.
Psychological Transformations Observed
Rapid loss of personal identity among prisoners; physical appearance altered (i.e., shaved heads, monotonous uniforms).
Over time, guards displayed increasing aggression and authoritarianism; many prisoners became passive due to intense psychological pressure.
Example of guard behavior: humiliating prisoners, forcing them to perform degrading tasks.
Dehumanization and Power Dynamics
Dehumanization: Both guards and prisoners engaged in behaviors dehumanizing the others. Guards gained pleasure from exerting power.
Arbitrary punishment: Random and inconsistent enforcement of rules contributed to prisoners' feelings of helplessness.
Emergence of dependency: Increased control by guards led prisoners to become more reliant and submissive.
Significant Incidents
Rebellion: Occurred within the first week when prisoners united against guards. This prompted severe repression tactics by guards (e.g., use of fire extinguishers).
Emotional Breakdown: Several prisoners exhibited extreme emotional distress, leading to premature release due to anxiety and depression.
Ethical Implications
The experiment faced moral scrutiny; terminated after five days instead of planned two weeks due to emotional distress seen in participants.
Zimbardo noted how normal individuals can commit acts of cruelty when in positions of power.
Impacts of Situational Forces
Findings highlighted that behavior can be drastically influenced by situational contexts rather than simply personal characteristics.
Long-term Implications: Suggested the need to recognize and address powerless roles in society, including systemic issues of institutional authority and mental health.
Conclusion of Study
The experiment serves as a critical examination of how easily individuals can conform to roles that cause them to act against their moral compass.
It raises fundamental questions about authority, power, and human behavior that are relevant in contemporary contexts, such as prisons, workplaces, and societal structures.
Zimbardo emphasized societal implications that stem from this study exist beyond just the prison environment, touching on elements of everyday life and relationships.