AP World History Unit 9 Study Notes

Globalization
- Definition: The growing interaction and interconnection between different parts of the world, primarily due to improved technology.
- Example mentions: MADE IN CHINA, Starbucks Coffee.

Digital Radio: Technology innovations facilitate new ways of communication.
Mobile Phones: Public accessibility began in 1983, contributing to the spread of digital communication.
Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram enhanced news reporting, empowering more voices globally, albeit with concerns over government surveillance and individual privacy.

Technologies Contributing to Economic Globalization:
  - Containerized shipping
  - Huge oil tankers
  - Air express services
  - Fiber-optic cables
  - Internet

Development Timeline:
- Originated with Personal Computers and America Online (AOL), making technology affordable for companies and homes.
- It transformed business operations and communication methods altogether.
Mobile Phones:
- Public impact began in 1983; revolutionized connectivity.
Social Media's Impact:
- Created new reporting methods leading to democratized news dissemination but also raised concerns regarding privacy and surveillance.

Definition & Period:
- Refers to the agricultural transformation from the 1950s to the 1960s, focusing on increasing yields of key crops (especially wheat and rice).
Key Figures:
- Norman Borlaug, known as the Father of the Green Revolution, credited with saving billions from starvation.
Technological Components:
- Introduction of high-yield varieties of grains, irrigation expansions, improved management techniques, distribution of hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides.
Geographical Impact:
- Initiated in regions like Mexico, Pakistan, and India and expanded to developing nations.
Population Effects:
- Possibly led to a higher global population.

Concerns:
  - Sustainability issues exist; critics argue it caused overpopulation and can’t be sustained with existing resources.
  - Poor dietary outcomes emerge from an over-reliance on particular cereal grains.
  - Environmental criticisms highlight pollution from pesticides, biodiversity loss, and economic strain on small farms, driving some to bankruptcy.

Evolution of Energy Sources:
- Transition occurred from coal to petroleum and natural gas.
- First nuclear power plants developed in the 1930s and 1940s.
Environmental Concerns:
- Fossil fuels are non-renewable and significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions (CO2).
- 5% of world energy production is from renewable sources (e.g., wind, solar).

Birth Control Definition: Methods to prevent pregnancy, with family planning encompassing the planning, provision, and use of birth control methods.
- Historical context indicates various ineffective methods existed until the 20th century, with significant advancements during this time.
Global Fertility Trends:
- Data shows decreasing global average fertility rates over decades.
- Projections indicate a consistent decline in fertility rates moving towards the global replacement rate (2.3).

Survival Improvements:
- Medical innovations, such as vaccines and antibiotics, have drastically increased human survival rates and longevity, e.g., vaccines for diseases like polio which saw cases dropping significantly.
Epidemiological Changes:
- High birth and death rates transitioning to lower rates as countries developed industrially.
- Persistence of diseases associated with poverty (e.g., malaria, tuberculosis) alongside eradications (e.g., smallpox).

Parasitology Context:
- Most affected individuals by parasitic diseases often come from impoverished backgrounds.
Critical Diseases:
- Malaria: Mosquito-borne disease primarily affecting tropical regions, symptoms include high fever and headache.
- Tuberculosis (TB): Common and potentially fatal, spread through air, causing significant historical public health crises.

HIV/AIDS: Significant global health crisis, particularly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting millions.
Spanish Influenza: A historic pandemic post-WWI that caused substantial morbidity and mortality globally.

Market Economy: Key traits include private property, freedom of choice, self-interest as a motive, competition, and limited government intervention.

Free Trade: Globalization fosters an integrated economy characterized by free trade and capital flow.
Circulation of Goods: An exponential growth in trade volume from 1947 to 2012, highlighted by globally distributed products.
Migration Patterns: Increased migration for work, showcasing a net out-migration from developing nations towards developed ones, leading to both positive and negative societal impacts.

Impact of Globalization: While it spurred wealth creation, it also exacerbated inequality between the Global North and South.
- Vital economic differences in various aspects such as water access, medical care, and educational opportunities.
Contentious Issues: Conflicts like trade rules, foreign aid, and environmental standards further highlight disparities.

Human Impact: Human actions are creating lasting changes upon the planet, including deforestation and species extinction, intensified by population growth and economic expansion.
Global Environmentalism: Emergence of organizations advocating for action against climate change, leading to important conferences and agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.

Foundational Goals: Established to foster international peace post-World War II, it comprises influential nations that maintain decision-making power.
Global Agencies: Organizations like the World Bank and IMF work toward economic development and maintaining trade cooperation globally.