Computer Applications Overview

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS GCS 181

Ms. Fareen Riaz Qazi

Objectives

  • Overview of Basic computer components, classification, laptops, tablets, servers

  • Describe the Different Components of a Computer

  • Understand the Performance of a Computer

  • Describe the System and Application Software

  • An Overview of Software Development

  • Understand the Licensing and its Importance

A World of Technology

  • Importance of Keeping Up with Technology

    • Technology changes rapidly, necessitating the need for individuals to remain digitally literate.

    • Digital literacy involves maintaining a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the Internet, and other related technologies.

Computers - Definition

  • Definition of a Computer

    • A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of instructions stored in its own memory.

Data & Information

  • Definition and Examples of Data (input)

    • Example of an Invoice from Arrow Deli:

    • 2 Medium Sodas at $1.49 each

    • 1 Small Turkey Sub at $3.49 each

    • 1 Caesar Salad at $4.49 each

    • 1 Bag of Chips at $0.99 each

    • 3 Cookies at $0.39 each

    • Total Amount Received: $20.00

  • Calculation Breakdown:

    • Quantity and Item Total

    • 2 Medium Sodas: 2 imes 1.49 = 2.98

    • 1 Small Turkey Sub: 3.49

    • 1 Caesar Salad: 4.49

    • 1 Bag of Chips: 0.99

    • 3 Cookies: 3 imes 0.39 = 1.17

    • Total Due: 2.98 + 3.49 + 4.49 + 0.99 + 1.17 = 13.12

    • Change Due: 20.00 - 13.12 = 6.88

  • Characteristics of Information:

    • Stores entered data and computes total prices.

    • Organizes data and sums item prices.

    • Calculates change and stores resulting information in output.

Data & Information

  • Definitions:

    • Data: Raw facts and figures without added interpretation or analysis.

    • Types of Data:

    • Quantitative Data (Numerical)

    • Qualitative Data (Categorical), including names, labels, categories, or descriptions.

    • Information: Data that is processed or organized to become meaningful and useful for specific purposes.

Basic Functions of a Computer

  • Input Processing: Accepts data from input devices.

  • Data Processing: Executes instructions using the CPU.

  • Output Display: Displays information through output devices.

  • Data Storage: Retains information on storage devices.

  • Control of Peripherals: Manages external connected devices.

  • Networking: Communicates with other devices and networks.

  • Automation: Executes repetitive tasks automatically.

  • Logical Operations: Makes decisions based on comparisons.

  • Arithmetic Calculations: Performs mathematical operations.

  • Multitasking: Runs multiple applications simultaneously.

  • Graphics Processing: Creates and displays visuals.

  • Security: Protects data and restricts unauthorized access.

Computers

Classification of Computers

  • Types Include:

    • Laptops

    • Tablets

    • Desktops

    • Servers

Servers

  • Definition:

    • A special computer providing services, data, or resources to other computers (clients) over a network.

  • Functions:

    • Stores files, hosts websites, manages databases, handles emails.

  • Types of Servers:

    • Rack Server: Flat servers stacked in a cabinet, used for medium/large setups. Example: Internet companies.

    • Blade Server: Ultra-thin servers packed tightly for maximum power in large organizations. Example: Banks, cloud providers.

    • Tower Server: Similar to a desktop PC, suitable for small businesses with 1-2 servers.

Classification Based on Portability

  • Desktop Computers: Stay in one place for workstations and gaming.

  • Laptop Computers: Portable for office work and light gaming.

  • Tablet Computers: Touchscreen devices for reading and entertainment.

  • Smartphones: Pocket-sized for communication and apps.

Classification Based on Size

  • Supercomputers: Fastest, used for weather forecasting and scientific research.

  • Mainframe Computers: Large, used by organizations for bulk data processing.

  • Minicomputers: Smaller than mainframes, use in manufacturing or small businesses.

  • Microcomputers: Commonly used by individuals, includes desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

Classification Based on Operating Systems

  • Definition of Operating System: The main software managing a computer’s hardware and software.

    • Acts as a bridge between the user and the computer.

  • Types Based on OS:

    • Windows Computers: Run Microsoft's Windows OS.

    • Mac Computers: Run Apple's macOS.

    • Linux Computers: Run various Linux distributions.

    • Chrome OS Computers: Run Google's Chrome OS.

Embedded Computers

  • Definition:

    • A small, integrated computer built inside another device to perform an exact function.

  • Examples:

    • Cars: Control airbags and GPS.

    • Home Appliances: Control washing machines and microwave ovens.

    • Medical Devices: Used in pacemakers and MRI scanners.

    • ATMs and other electronic devices: Manage specific tasks.

Components of a Computer

  • Main Components: CPU, Memory, and Storage

  • Input Devices:

    • Keyboard, Mouse, and other input devices for interaction.

  • Output Devices:

    • Monitors and Printers for displaying or printing work.

Hardware

  • Definition:

    • Refers to the physical components of a computer.

  • Types of Hardware Units:

    • Input Units

    • Output Units

    • Storage Units

    • CPU

Inside a Computer Case

  • Components Include:

    • CD-ROM

    • Power cable

    • Floppy drive

    • Data cable

    • Hard disk drive

    • Motherboard

    • Power supply

    • Processor

    • Memory

    • Fan

    • Expansion cards and slots

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

  • Definition: The 'brain' of the computer.

    • Function: Manipulates data to produce information.

  • Characteristics:

    • Made of circuitry that controls electrical signals.

    • Located on the motherboard.

    • Measured in GHz (gigahertz) or MHz (megahertz).

    • 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles/sec; 1 MHz = 1 million cycles/sec.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

  • Characteristics:

    • Temporary storage of commands/data while the computer is ON.

    • When powered, the operating system and applications are loaded into RAM.

    • RAM is faster than accessing storage devices.

    • Comes in discrete microchips that plug into the motherboard.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

  • Definition: A type of non-volatile memory retaining data when powered off.

    • Data is written during manufacturing and cannot be modified by users.

    • Primarily stores boot software for devices.

Activity 1

  • Example System Information:

    • Device Name: LAPTOP-IK3UPNHT

    • Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8250U @ 1.60GHz (up to 1.80GHz)

    • Installed RAM: 8.00 GB (7.86 GB usable)

    • Device ID: 87555EB3-31DD-4608-97B8-35B29B003238

    • Product ID: 00325-96355-29590-AAOEM

    • System Type: 64-bit operating system, x64-based processor

    • Pen and Touch: Pen support

Performance of Your Computer Explained

  • Processor Brand and Type: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8250U

    • Core i5: Series designation; 8250U: variant with "U" indicating energy efficiency.

  • Performance Metrics:

    • Standard Speed: 1.6GHz, can boost to 1.8GHz for demanding tasks.

    • Represents frequency: A 1.60GHz processor can perform 1.6 billion operations per second.

Activity 2: Insights into a Computer

Motherboard

  • Definition: The main circuit board connecting and housing various components (CPU, RAM, storage, peripherals).

Intel Processor

  • Function: Performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages computer functions.

Intel® 82801I (ICH9)

  • Function: Like a manager for the CPU, facilitating communication with USB ports, hard drives, and sound systems.

Memory Slots

  • Important for upgrading RAM:

    • To check memory slots used, access Task Manager, go to Performance tab, and review memory section.

Options of a Computer

  • Processor Types: i3, i5, i7, and i9.

  • Clock Speed: The speed of CPU execution (e.g., a 3.5 GHz CPU performs 3.5 billion cycles/second).

  • RAM Variants: Common sizes include 8GB, 16GB.

  • Storage: Amount of data a computer can hold.

  • Graphics: Refers to GPU necessary for gaming, 3D rendering, and video editing.

Bites and Bytes

  • Definitions:

    • Bit: The smallest unit of digital data, either 1 or 0 (on/off).

    • Byte: Composed of eight bits.

  • Data Processing: Computers utilize binary code (0 and 1) for data operations.

Memory Units

  • Memory Hierarchy:

    • Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB defined with conversions.

    • Progression in powers of 2: 1, 2, 4, … up to 1,024.

    • Formula:

    • 1 ext{ byte} = 8 ext{ bits}

    • 1 ext{ KB} = 1,024 ext{ bytes} = 8,192 ext{ bits}

Example: Bites and Bytes

  • Conversion Example:

    • Computer with 8 GB storage converted into KB, Bit, and TB.

  • Calculations:

    • Data size in KB: 8 imes 1024 = 8192 ext{ KB}

    • Data size in Bytes: 8 imes 1024 imes 1024 = 8,388,608 ext{ Bytes}

    • Data size in Bits: 8 imes 8,388,608 = 67,108,864 ext{ Bits}

    • Data size in TB: 8 ext{ GB} / 1024 = 0.0078125 ext{ TB}

Activity 3: Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB

  • Exercise Examples:

    • Convert 8 GB into KB, Bit, and TB.

    • Determine how many bits are contained in a 5 MB file.

    • Calculate bits used for a photograph taking up 2.5 GB.

    • Convert a 16,000 KB video file size to MB, GB, and bits.

Activity 3 Solution

  • Example Solutions for Exercises:

    • Answering file size conversions and bit calculations.

Computer Software

  • Definition: Unlike hardware, software refers to programs that run on computer hardware.

  • Types of Software:

    • System Software: Operates the computer hardware (Example OS: Windows, macOS, Linux).

    • Application Software: Performs specific user tasks (Examples: Word processors, games).

System Software

  • Definition: Manages computer hardware and provides services for programs.

    • Functions as an interface between users and hardware.

  • Examples Include:

    • Operating Systems: Windows, macOS, Linux.

    • Utility Software: Tools for maintenance and control, e.g., antivirus programs.

Application Software

  • Purpose: Helps users perform specific tasks.

  • Types Include:

    • Productivity Software: e.g., Word processors.

    • Entertainment: e.g., Games, media players.

    • Educational: e.g., Learning management systems.

Software Development

  • Definition: Involves programming languages and methodologies used to create software.

  • Examples of Programming Languages: Python, Java, C++.

  • Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC): Framework for designing, developing, testing, and deploying software.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Steps

  1. Ideation: Brainstorming solutions for specific user problems.

  2. Requirements: Gathering and documenting project requirements from stakeholders.

  3. Design: Structuring the software system and its components.

  4. Development: Building the software using programming languages.

  5. Testing: Evaluating software quality, finding, and fixing defects.

  6. Maintenance: Updates and support post-launch.

  7. Deployment: Preparing the software for operational use.

Importance of Software Updates

  • Reasons for Updating Software:

    • Security improvements by addressing vulnerabilities.

    • New features added for enhanced functionality.

    • Bug fixes from previous versions.

Network Basics

  • Definition:

    • Networking is the process of connecting two or more devices for sharing resources and communication.

  • Networking Devices:

    • Switches, routers, modems serve different functions within a network.

Network Protocols

  • Definition:

    • Networking protocols are rules enabling device communication.

  • Examples:

    • IP/TCP: Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol.

    • HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol at the application layer.

Network Topologies

  • Definition:

    • Network topology defines the layout and connection method of devices.

  • Common Shapes:

    • Bus, Star, Mesh, and Ring topologies.

Types of Networks

  • Local Area Network (LAN):

    • Confined to a single building/group of buildings; used in homes and schools.

  • Wide Area Network (WAN):

    • Spans large geographical areas; used by businesses with multiple locations.

  • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

    • Connects devices in a city-sized area; larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.

  • Personal Area Network (PAN):

    • For personal devices like smartphones and laptops; typically uses Bluetooth/Wi-Fi.

LAN vs WAN

  • Comparison:

    • LAN:

    • Small geographical area, faster speed, less expensive, easier to manage.

    • WAN:

    • Large geographical area, slower speed, more expensive, harder to manage.

Wired and Wireless Networks

  • Wired Network Options Include:

    • Ethernet Cables

    • Fiber Optic Cables

    • Coaxial Cables

  • Wireless Network Options Include:

    • Wi-Fi

    • Bluetooth

    • Near Field Communication (NFC) for short-range communication.

Summary of Chapter

  • Key Points Include:

    • Introduction to computer components and classification based on form factor and use-case (desktops, laptops, tablets, servers).

    • In-depth exploration of computer components such as CPU, RAM, and their functions.

    • Explanation of how hardware impacts overall computer performance focusing on processing speed and multitasking.

    • Distinction between system software (operating systems) and application software (programs like word processors).

    • Overview of software development methodologies including programming languages and SDLC.

    • Discussion on software licensing, importance for developers and users.

    • Introduction to networking principles and fundamentals.