AP World Unit 5
Contextualization
The Scientific Revolution during the 1600s was that laws were based on science and not teachings from places like the Church
Europe had many power sources which came from nobles, churches, kings, and queens.
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that involved the movement of finding new ideas for the natural world and human relationships.
Rationalism started to develop, which means that reason is the most reliable source of knowledge
Empiricism started to develop which is true knowledge gained through senses and experimentation.
Because of the Enlightenment, a new religion called Deism developed
Deism is the belief that god created all things, but allowed intervening of ideas.
Atheism also developed which is the rejection of all beliefs  Â
Individualism became popular which is the basic element that an individual was the cause of that society.
Individuals were born with natural rights that could not be revoked by authority
This was popularized by John Locke.
Human societies were also given the right to make a government to protect their own natural rights.
Montesquieu created the idea of “seperation of powers” which challenged the idea of absolute monarchy or divine rights.
Voltaire created the idea of free speech and religious toleration.Â
Adam Smith in 1776 created a book called the “Wealth of Nations” which challenged mercantilism empires
Created capitalism which is the idea that the government should not run the economy.
The Enlightenment is going to be the main source for revolutions within the next 300 years, as it will lead to questioning about certain topics (women, forced labor, racial discrimination).
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Major revolutions will occur like the American, French, Haitian, and Latin America from the Enlightenment
Nationalism is the sense of commodity based on shared language, religion, social customs, and a desire for territory.
Caused the idea for suffrage which is the right to vote.
Caused the abolishment of slavery
Slaves also tuned into the Enlightenment as well with the Jamaican rebellion in 1831 which led to the abolishment of slavery for the British
Caused the end of serfdom during the Industrial Revolution
Led to the calls of woman suffrage in which the feminist movement arose.
The causes of the American revolution were from:
The Enlightenment and the questioning of the British on religion, democracy, and reason.
Increase in taxes on tea, stamps, and sugar
Limits on expansion as the british prevented the colonists to expand past the Appalachian mountain
The causes of the haitian movement were from:
Haiti was a french colony who mass produced sugar
85% of the population was enslaved and half of the Caribbean population was enslaved
The Enlightenment
Causes of the Spanish Revolution were from:
Was under mercantilist control
French king overthrown Spanish
Creoles who were more educated were mad that they did not hold government systems over the Peninsulares.
Outcomes of the American Revolution were:
Declaration of Independence - Announced independence from Britain in 1776 on July 4th.
Declaration of Man and Rights in 1791 - Was the Bill of Rights, but was a little misogynistic against women
Letter of Jamaica from Simon Bolivar which led the Latin American revolution in 1815.
The Constitution was passed which created rule of law and separation of powersÂ
Lack of equality becomes arrogant as enslavement and women were not addressed. Â
Inspired other countries to rebel
Outcomes of the Haitian Revolution were:
Became the first non-democratic slavery government
Struggled economically as most of their cash crops were sugar, which made them have to rely on France
Race-based systems remained as many races dominated government and economics
Freed enslaved people were treated as second-class citizens
Outcomes of the Latin American Revolution were:
Replaced peninsulares as the ones in charge, but racial discrimination continued against Non-Europeans
Mercantilism caused many regions to not have good industries, which is why they struggled economically and relied on cash-crops.
Were not able to unify due to cultural and geographic differences.
Before the French Revolution, France had an unequal class system as only 2% of the population had good rights and taxes.
Because of the American Revolution, France had massive debt and soon declared for bankruptcy in the 1780s.
This was also caused of a decrease in agricultural production due to massive hail storms
So, the third estate protested to create their own national assembly in Parliament
Louis XIV tried to stop them, but they eventually found a way around it by having meetings in an indoor tennis court.
They agreed to have these meetings until the French Constitution was established.   Â
This started the revolution, as Louis XIV sent soldiers to deal with revolts on food shortages, while the third stages broke into prisons to steal guns and fight.
Ultimately, the French Constitution and the Declaration of Man and Rights was established
Later, another rebellion happened when Antionette was caught hiding food in the Palace of Versailles, which led to many women peasants raiding the house.
The French Revolution was NOT about Enlightenment ideas, but instead about food shortages and the political system that destroyed the economy
Later, the national assembly killed 50 citizens in attempt to stay reigning which was huge
In an attempt to save the monarchy, Leopold and King William signed the Declaration of Pilnets.
ÂTo get more supplies, the French raided Austria, but did not know Prussia was fighting with Austria.
Prussia made it look like the monarchy was bad, which led to the suspension of monarchies and became a democracy
Because of this, Louis XIV was found guilty and was sentenced to death.
After Louis XIV death, the French realized they can kill anyone which led to 16,000 deaths of guillotine.
After Napoleon was elected to have all executive power, the French Revolution ended in 1799.
Despite all this fighting, France still practiced absolute monarchy from 1815 to 1870.
During the 17th century, French colonists get their economy from leather and smoked beef called Bukhan
In 1640, They robbed spanish galleons after running out of beef jerky.
By 1700, French colonists made the spanish create massive sugar plantations on the land.
It also became the most massive sugar plantation by the 1700.
By the 19th century, more than 90% of the population were slaves.
Natural population growth was not happening due to cruel conditions including disease.
They had a casta system which had
Slave owners at the top
Rich colored people
Poor white people
Slaves
In May of 1791, the national assembly gave freedom to all slaves but had certain restrictions
In August of 1791, a slave revolt broke out under Sampraday.
Because the British invaded Haiti, the France freed the slaves in hopes of having the slaves on their side.
Louveretan then became the military general for France and helped lead the colony to independence from 1794 to 1802.
Plantations did not end though as Louveretan believed that sugar was vital to the economy.
Another civil war happened over Rigo which ended after 13 months of fighting with the island winning.
The second phase of the revolution started when Napoleon tried bringing back slavery and taking away their guns on the island.
Louvretine was widely hated on the island due to promoting sugar plantations
They were able to win due to disease
This led to the Louisiana Purchase
Before the Latin American Revolution, Napoleon visited and loved Brazil in 1804, and stayed there until the mid 1820s.
The creoles thought they were different from France and Portugal so they created a new political party and eventually gained independence without much wars.
A massive peasant uprising began under Hedalgo, which gained support from the creoles as it was aimed at the peninsulares.
This got confusing however as the native americans often attacked the creoles due to them also being white.
The second peasant revolt led by Morales actually gained independence, but did not gain much support due to him being a mestizo.
Venezuela during 1811 had a major class division between generos, creoles, and caracas.
Bolivar believed that all classes should unify and identify themselves as South American
Bolivar then led an army in protest for against the Spanish, and by the 1820s captured the 3 main capitals in Venezuela.
After the Latin American Revolution, there were still 2 main issues:
Wealthy creoles and the casta system still existed
The church still had power
The definition of a state is an area with a centralized government that can assert authority over others.
A nation adds homogeneous and culture.
Nationalism can lead to war and countries breaking apart however
Does not include outsiders or people who have other traditional customs
Some nationalist movements include
The American Civil War which resulted in the name of the country being change and being unified
The Propaganda Revolution in the Philippines and the Filipinos gaining knowledge.
The Ottoman Empire fell because of nationalist movements because they held so many multi-ethnic groups.
Unification of Germany and Italy
The Industrial Revolution was when people transferred from agricultural economies to industrial economies (by hand to by machine).
Great Britain first started the revolution by using rivers and canals to transport manufactured goods to various markets.
It also started by having various amounts of coal.
Also had an abundance in foreign resources due to conquering land all over the world.
Due to the prior agricultural revolution, it was an easy transition due to new inventions like crop rotations, and the Columbian Exchange
Laws protecting entrepreneurship led to a bigger investment in the industrial revolution.
Because capitalists gained so much from participating in the Atlantic Slave Trade, they were able to afford money to start innovation businesses.
The main innovation was the factory and water machines
Factories are locations that make goods using mass machines
They were powered by water and weaved textiles through the Spinning Jenny.
The steam engine was a revolutionary machine that converted fossil fuels into energy instead of water.
Later imported on steamships
Regions who had all the resources Britian had industralized quickly, while others lacked did barely or no industralization.
Regions who were known for their expertise like textiles saw a mass loss of wealth.
Because Napoleon conquered the Quentin Canal, France began industrializing in the 1830s.
The United States was able to industralize very quickly after the civil war, due to having massive population, political stability, and mass of land.
Russia created the Trans-Siberian Road that extended all the way from the west of Russia to China.
Unlike France, Britian, and the United States. Russia’s industrialization was state-driven in response to being behind
The Meiji Restoration was Japan’s defense by using Western technology to get ahead of Asia.
They did this by sending Japanese to discover their culture, technology, education, and political arrangements.
Oil was later founded in the Second Industrial Revolution which replaced the steam engine for fuel and was used for gasoline.
Dramatically increased the energy for humans and impacted the environment significantly.
Steel was used in the second industrial revolution using the bessemer process which combines carbon with iron using hot air.
Thomas Edison brought electricity to the second industrial revolution using the light bulb and later created subways to have mass transits of people
Chemical engineering exploded during this time, particularly for rubber and synthetic dyes for textiles.
The telegraph was a huge innovation by Samuel Moses which connected people across the world through wires.
Because of the telegraph and railroads, economy boomed when marketers used the inner land of countries to their advantage like the United States.
Because of the Second Industrial Revolution, Europeans would flock to countries like the Americas or Australia due to new technology.
The Tanzimat reforms consisted of industrial products, agriculture, tariffs
Because Britain’s power was threatened, Britain quickly intervened when Egypt and the Ottomans went to war in the 1830s so Egypt can remove its tarrifs and barriers.
Britain ended up taking control of Egypt anyway.
Matthew Perry tried to trade with Japan, and then threatened war with them when denied.
Jeremy Bentham argued that government legislation should still be involved as workers began to suffer
The Friedrich list suggested that Britain did this to control other economies.
This led to the Zollverein which was a customer union group that put tariffs on imported goods between German states.
Transnational companies began to form in which a company has multiple large operations around the world.
The first was the Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation in 1865 which kept track of British imperial ventures
The Unilever Corporation produced soap which is still here today
New financial practiced erupted like:
Stock markets in which an entrepreneur could buy a small ownership of the company in which both the company and the person would profit
Limited Liability which was the process of an investor losing the amount of he invested
Capitalism increased nation’s wealth far more by the 1900s than 1800s.
New technologies also arose for people to use in industrialized nations
Medicine, Household items, and sanitation
Leisure culture began to rise when workers needed a break from long work days, which brought a massive amount of pubs
Massive reforms for the industrial revolution were
Voting rights were extended to the working class
Working class organized themselves into new societies to help with insurance and sickness
Jobs became more technical and required more education after 1870, and children were finally sent to school
Government passed sanitation laws
Labor unions began to form to protest for higher working wages and better conditions
Later, workers began forming political parties like the German Socialist Democratic Party which were composed of former workers
Marxism began to form by Karl Marx argues that the working class was the class that kept the wealthy class wealthy, and the wealthy class was exploiting them.
Socialism then formed after a revolution with the wealthy in which the government owns major industries and taxes the wealthy, which benefits the citizens by sharing profit.
Socialism led to child labor laws, and implemented safety conditions in factories.
The Opium War happened when the British sold goods to Chinese citizens to gain influence over them, with one of them being opium
Because of the negative consequences on their population, China sought war with Britain
But because Britain was so industrialized, China easily lost the war.
China then started the Self-Strengthenin Movement which industrialized their country, but kept traditional chinese reforms.