test 2 study guide

CHAP 33

Learning Outcomes

• Describe the movement of Islam across the Indian subcontinent.

Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 12th to the 16th centuries, though earlier Muslim conquests include the invasions into modern Pakistan and the Umayyad campaigns in India, during the time of the Rajput kingdoms in the 8th century.

• Explain Indian architectural conventions and their relationship to religious practice.

They had Minarets that were towers used to call Muslims to prayer. They also had verses of the Quran along with bands of different buildings. They also didn't show people or religious figures on architecture because it was against their religon to do so if the topic of the building was religious.

• Discuss the impact of Islam and the Mughal empire on the art of India.

Turned the styles of the time into Indo-Islamic styles. They were made out of Indian red sandstone, but had many Islamic features like Chhatri and pointed arches

• Explain the circumstances surrounding the construction of the Taj Mahal.

It was built by Shah Jahan who was sultan at the time and he built it for his favorite wife who died giving birth to their 14th child

• Explain the impact of British colonization on Indian art and architecture.

It's shown in kings, cherubs, and other western people/ ideas in many paintings. It has a greater showing in architecture like in the Victoria Terminus how it almost looks like a gothic church in Europe.

• Discuss the bronze casting tradition in Thailand.

The crowning artistic achievement of the Thai kingdoms was the development of a type of walking-Buddha statue displaying a distinctive approach to body form.

Terms to Know

Ghorid Dynasty- The Ghurids or Ghorids were a dynasty of Iranian descent from the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan, but the exact ethnic origin is uncertain. They were patrons of the arts as well.

Qutb al-din Aybak- Qutb al-Din Aibak was a general of the Ghurid king Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori. He was in-charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Mu'izz ad-Din's death, he became the ruler of an independent kingdom that evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by the Mamluk dynasty.

Indo-Islamic- This was a style of art/architecture that shows influences from Islam and India. Many of the pieces from this empire have many signs of both present.

Delhi Sultanate- The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Minaret-

a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Chhatri- a decorative kiosk with a dome raised on slender columns, used mostly in northern India for sheltering statues

plinth-an architectural support or base (as for a column or statue)

onion/bulbous dome- a dome whose shape resembles an onion

pietra dura- inlay technique of using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images

Rajput (Rajputana)- Post-Classical collection of feudal kingdoms that were typically ruled by members of the Kshatriya caste of Hindu

warrior-bureaucrats. While some kingdoms were conquered by Mamluks, others became Princely States.

British Raj- the period of British rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria

Chapter 34

Learning Outcomes

• Explain how the Forbidden City reflects imperial power structures in China

The only people allowed in the city were the dynastic family and people they had business with. Simply being allowed to enter the city was a status symbol within it self.

• Describe the visual characteristics of literati painting

They were non color and usually were seen of nature. Some of them had people in them but they weren't the main focus of the painting.

• Explain the underlying philosophy of literati painting

The philosophy is that a painting doesn't need to be intricate to get the point across. These painters were made to show the awesome power of nature and show a harmonious relationship between humankind and nature.

• Distinguish imperial painting from literati painting

The literati painters were the group that rejected the court. Their art was without color and was usually somewhat 'simpler' that the court's artists. However, this choice was made on purpose. Literati painters believed that too much detail wasn't good. As the Literati painter Huang Gongwang said "too much detail description will make [a painting] look like craftsmanship." By this, I believe he meant that adding all the intricate detail and color that court artists used made the painting look manufactured instead of painted.

• Describe the process of creating glazed porcelain

It's different depending on what the end-goal is. A material called Koalin, which is a clay, is shaped and painted. If it's going to be overglazed it will be put in the kiln first then taken out and then glazed and put back in at a lower temperature. If it's going to be underglazed color is added before it's glazed.

Terms to Know

hanging scroll- in asian art, a vertical scroll hung on a wall with pictures mounted or painted directly on it

Handscroll- in Asian art, a horizontal painted scroll that is unrolled to the left and often used to present illustrated religious texts or landscapes

literati painting- the ideal form of the Chinese scholar-painter who was more interested in personal erudition and expression than in literal representation or immediately attractive surface beauty.

Calligraphy- in Chinese art this was Chinese characters in a pictorial way.

Underglaze- A colored decoration applied on raw or bisque ware before the glaze is applied.

Overglaze- Glaze decoration applied on the surface of an already glazed piece and then refired

Kaolin- white clay used primarily in pottery

Lacquer- a hard glossy coating; protective varnish. In China during the imperial period color was also added and then after it dried it was carved into.

CHAP 35

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Describe the impact of Chinese artistic traditions on art and architecture in Japan.

Shown on the roofs of Japanese buildings with the curved edges. Zen Buddhism came from china so anything impacted by that is an impact of China.

• Explain the influence of Zen Buddhism on Japanese art and architecture.Japanese design and architecture through the lens of Zen minimalism Zen Buddhism helped the emergence of one of the world’s oldest minimalist cultures in Japan during 14-15th century

• How does Japanese art of the Momoyama period reflect a time of warlord control of Japan.

For architecture, the towers made were made to protect the warlords. The tumultuous time period was also shown in paintings.

• Describe the importance of art to the Japanese tea ceremony (and vice versa).

Without the pottery the tea ceremony wouldn't be a thing, the simplistic jar was influenced by zen buddhists

• What accounts for the rapid entry of Japanese art and architecture into the international milieu?

During the Muromachi period, which, in historical terms, officially began with the defeat of the last opposing faction by Ashikaga Yashimitsu in 1392, Kyoto once again became the political and cultural capital of Japan, trade with China expanded, and ZenBuddhism (see " Zen Buddhism ") gained a wide following alongside the older traditions, such as Pure Land and Esoteric Buddhism.

• Explain the meaning of ukiyo-e and its connection to the Edo period.

They are woodblock prints and they were made in the Edo period. During this period the shoauguns were moved to modern day Tokyo and the subjects of the prints was nightlife or domestic life in the city.

• Describe the process of making a woodblock print.

Uses multiple blocks for black and then every color/pattern. Paper goes on block carved in relief and is put on multiple time for the different colors.

Terms to Know

Zen Buddhism- a Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline

Enlightenment- Something Zen Buddhist monks try to reach by doing simple tasks.

Yamato-e- a style of Japanese painting that is characterized by native subject matter, stylized features, and thick bright pigments

haboku-a monochrome Japanese ink painting done in a free style in which ink seems to be splashed on a surface

Kakemono- A vertical Japanese scroll painting

Kano School- painting style based on Chinese landscape painting often with rich color and gilding and frequently featured in the castles of warlords

Wabi- A 16th-century Japanese art style characterized by refined rusticity and an appreciation of simplicity and austerity.

Sabi- Japanese; the value found in the old and weathered, suggesting the tranquility reached in old age.

Ukiyo-e- Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world"

Nishiki-e- Japanese, "brocade pictures." Japanese polychrome woodblock prints valued for their sumptuous colors.

CHAP 26

Learning Outcomes

• Describe similarities and differences in French Rococo and French Baroque art.

Both Baroque and Rococo art have similarities in their styles. They are recognized by their opulent decoration and aesthetically pleasing visuals. That being said, there is a marked difference in the tone that each style creates. Rococo has a more private, soft, pleasing feel while Baroque art is dramatic and powerful.Rococo is the ornamental late baroque style of decoration. Extravagantly and excessively ornate.

• Understand the place of the fête galante paintings in Rococo France.

These type of paintings were very important and showed off the more lightheartedness of Rococo through the subject matter.

• Explain the relationship between Rococo art and East Asian art.

They are very similar to each other through the way they look.

• Explain what effect the Enlightenment had on European and American art of the 18th century.

Turned the American art style mainly to neoclassicism and natural art.

• Describe the role of Neoclassicism in the end of the Rococo style as well as the relationship of Neoclassicism and politics in France and abroad.

Neoclassicsm takes over for the rococo style and it leads rococo seeming to be out of style.

• Describe the emerging styles and their influences in 19th-century American art.

They were done in the Neoclassical and Natral art styles. They had influences from the European neoclassicists. Also there was African American art influenced/made by the slaves who were brought over. Many from the Congo.

• Understand the impact of archaeological excavations and the Grand Tour on European art.

Could be responsible for neoclassicism which is a rennisance like revival of greek and Roman art/architecture.

Terms to Know

Fête-galante- French "amorous festival" a type of rocco painting depicting the outdoor amusement of French upper-class society

Grand Tour-a pilgrimage of aristocrats, wealthy and diplomatic persons to tour the important area of Europe to obtain the knowledge and classical culture.

vedute-is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista.

salon-Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Chap 27

Learning outcomes

• What part did Neoclassicism play in art and architecture under Napoleon?

He preferred it and had buildings made in the style.

• Describe the differences between Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

the principle distinction between neoclassicism and romanticism is that neoclassicism focuses on objectivity, reason, and Intellect. While romanticism stresses on human creativity, nature, and emotions or feelings. The romanticism movement has influenced various topics, styles, and themes.

• Describe the influence of the exotic, erotic, and fantastic in the development of European art in the 18th century and most noticeably in the early 19th century.

People as models were sought out as subjects of paintings specifically because they were exotic

• Compare and contrast Romanticism in Germany, England, and the United States.

In America it was more about the sublime and nature, Europe it was more about events which are seen as good

• Describe architectural manifestations of Romanticism.
• Explain the significance of landscape within Romanticism.

Romanticism led to the creation of the sublime which showed man in awe of the great power of nature

Terms

Orientalism-A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.

Sublime-paintings of nature showing how powerful it is and how in awe man should be

July Revolution-overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate

CHAP 27 photography

Learning outcomes

• Describe the influence that photography had on painting.

It made painters move from painting picture like paintings to being more 'artistic' because they didn't' need to paint hyper-realistic anymore

• Briefly describe the evolution of photography and the impact that technological advances had on subject matter.

It started off as a pinhole camera (camera obscura) and light sensitive paper but as the camera got better subjects moved from still life to people because they didn't have to sit still for so long

• Explain the contributions of Daguerre and Talbot to photography.
• Describe the argument regarding photography’s status as a fine art.

people debated if it was actually an art or if it was a form of documentation, ie war photography which became popular during this time

• Explain the concept of the avant-garde and the Realists’ rejection of the French Academy.

It means different from the norm and realists were rejected by the French Academy because their art was usually about modern strife or just modern day life in general and that wasn't seen as a worthy subject

• What was the significance of the Salon de Refusés?

it gave the realists somewhere other than the academy to showcase their talent and art. It helped realism gain popularity

• Describe the basic tenets of Realism and distinguish it from Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

It's about modern day life or problems so that's how it's different from both because it had different subject matter also the people weren't idealized

• Understand the significance of the paintings of Edouard Manet in the history of art.

Terms

Avant-garde- Ahead of the times, especially in the arts

Salon des Refusés- an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon

Daguerreotype- a photograph taken by an early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor.

Talbotype-an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide.

Calotype- A photographic process in which a positive image is made by shining light through a negative image onto a sheet of sensitized paper.

Romanticism emerged in literary and artistic circles as a reaction to and rejection of the Neoclassical emphasis on logic and reason as the ideal manifestation of the human experience. Meanwhile, Napoleon marshaled the Neoclassical style to promote an imperial political message in France.

Romanticism rejects the Neoclassical insistence upon reason as the path to freedom and instead promotes the premise that freedom is only accessible through imagination and feeling. Writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau were instrumental in arguing for the return to a state of nature. In the visual arts, Romanticism rejects the strict symmetry and structure of Neoclassicism. Compositions are often asymmetrical. Color is often used to express emotion. Romantic art often deals with present-day subject matter and explores a heightened state of emotion. Romantics often explore the dark recesses of the mind (mental illness, nightmares), the polar opposite of the reason and logic of Neoclassicism.

Popular subjects are themes of nature and explorations of the natural world, and as a result we see a rise in the popularity of landscape painting. However, Romantic landscapes are not the idealized representations of nature under man's control that we see in 17th-century works by Poussin and Claude. Romantic landscapes are untamed and wild.

There is also a pronounced interest in the exotic, and this movement is known as Orientalism. The term refers to the representation of Eastern cultures by Western artists, whether they had traveled there or not. An event that contributed to the Romantic fascination with foreign cultures was Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt.

The art of the Romantic period can be summed up with the mnemonic P. I. N. E.

–Past – longing for the medieval past, pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture will be revived)

–Irrational/ Inner mind / Insanity – Romantic artists depict the human psyche and topics that transcend the use of reason. One Romantic artist, Gericault chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum.

–Nature – longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationality

–Emotion/ Exotic – Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on rationality.

The Romantic Landscape

Enlightenment thinkers saw nature as orderly, predictable, and subject to human control. By contrast, Romantics saw nature as ever-changing, unpredictable, powerful, and indifferent.The landscape was one of the most characteristic genres of Romanticism. A subset of Romanticism was known as the Sublime. Subime works typically showed the power of nature as something awe-inspiring. The idea that awe or terror can stimulate the most intense human emotions and thereby be thrilling is a common thread among Sublime works. In the visual arts, it is represented by terrible storms, or by an awesome, nearly terrifying experience of vastness. This experience was described by the British writer Edmund Burke in his essay A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful (1756).