english terminology paper 2

Oppression A situation in which a person or a group people are controlled in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having opportunities and freedom.

Totalitarian regime Form of government where there is only one political party which controls everything and does not allow any opposition parties.

Religious fundamentalism Religious groups that look for the literal interpretation of original religious texts or books believing that teachings obtained from this kind is the only one view of the world that is true.

Religious zealots One who takes their strong religious beliefs to the extremes and pushes them on others.

Conservatism A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and preferring gradual development to abrupt change

Enlightenment European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

Romanticism Movement was characterized by a celebration of nature and the common man, a focus on individual experience, an idealization of women, and an embrace of isolation and melancholy

Counter-culture An alternative lifestyle, mode of expression, or social system that, as the term itself suggests, counters the dominant or normative one, and often leads to changes in that system.

Feminism The belief in social, economic and political equality of the sexes - committed to the activity on behalf of women's right & interests

Consumerism The idea that increasing the consumption of goods and services purchased in the market is always a desirable goal and improves a person's wellbeing.

Capitalism Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Marxism A political and economic theory where a society has no classes.

Victorian Victorian era spans the 63-year reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901)

Industrial Revolution The transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States (1760-1840)

Sublime An artistic effect productive of the strongest emotion the mind is capable of feeling.

Hierarchy A system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority

Ideology A system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Indoctrination The process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically

Ambiguity Quality of being open to more than one interpretation

Secularisation Action or process of converting something from religious to secular possession or use Angel-of-the-house The Victorian image of an ideal wife or women. Typically devoted, submissive, passive & powerless.

Dystopian An imagined state or society where there is great suffering or injustice

Science Fiction A form of fiction that deals principally with the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals

Gothic A loose literary aesthetic of fear and haunting.

Binary opposites A pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning

Domestic Sphere Where we live & nurture and become our 'authentic selves'.

Ego-centric Thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others; self-centred Hubris Excessive pride or self-confidence

Galvanism When electricity is used in a scientific practice and seemed to show some promise in reanimating body parts of recently dead animals and humans

Lexis The total stock of words in a language

Phonology The branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds

Pragmatics The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used Graphology The study of handwriting or type of font specially for the purpose of character analysis Discourse the verbal interchange of ideas, conversation

Characterisation The act of characterizing or describing the individual quality of a person or thing

Verbs A word used to describe an action - Doing words.

Adjectives Words used to describe a noun or noun phase

Noun word that functions as a place, person, thing or idea

Proper noun A noun that designates a particular being or thing (a name)

Concrete noun denoting a material object rather an an abstract quality, state or action (e.g., dog, building)

Abstract Noun Noun denoting an idea quality or state (e.g., truth, danger) Pronoun Words that substitute a noun or noun phrase & whose referents are named or understood in the context.

Appositive phrase grammatical construction - two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way (finish line)

Preposition Word governing & usually preceding a noun or pronoun & expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause (highlights the location, direction or spatial relationship of a noun)

Discourse marker Word, phrases or clauses that help organise the way we write or speak adjuncts non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted

Disjuncts sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows Epistemic Modality concerned with degrees of certainty & possibility (modality = means through subjective opinion is presented in language)

Emotive language word chose that is used to evoke emotion

External deviation break from normal conventions in language use that exist beyond the test itself

Internal deviation Break from some kind of pattern that has been set up within the text hyperbole exaggerated statements

Liotes ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negatives of its contrary

Trope a figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression.

Conceit an extended rhetorical device, summed up in a short phrase, that refers to a situation which either does not exist, or exists rarely, but is needed for the plot

Alliteration reoccurrence of similar sounds/ letters at the beginning of two words that are close to each other

Satirisation use of exaggeration, irony

Genre a way of grouping texts based on expected shared conventions

Histographic Metafiction fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality

Form the text type that the writer uses.

Epistolary in the form of letters.

Intertextual references relating to or involving a relationship between texts, especially literary ones.

Context the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood

Metaphor A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Simile a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid

Personification the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

Juxtaposition an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, etc

Pathetic Fallacy the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature.

Objective Correlative the artistic and literary technique of representing or evoking a particular emotion by means of symbols which become indicative of that emotion and are associated with it.

Religious/ Mythological Allusions An allusion to a religious text, story, or figure.

Symbolism the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

Motif a decorative image or design, especially a repeated one forming a pattern.

Leitmotif a recurrent theme throughout a musical or literary composition, associated with a particular person, idea, or situation.

Narrator a fictional entity responsible for telling the story in the novel

Storyworld The fictional world that is shaped and framed by the narrative

Point of view The perspective(s) used in a text through which a version of reality is presented Speech and thought presentation the ways in which a character's speech and thought are shown through varying degrees of narrator control.

Homodiegetic narrator a narrator who experiences the events in the novel as a character.

Heterodiegetic narrator a narrator who is not present as a character in the story.

Limited narrator narrator relates on their thoughts, feelings and knowledge about various situations and the other characters.

Omniscient narrator third person narration in which the teller of the tale, assumes a all-knowing perspective on the story being told.

Intradiegetic characters an actor with a full part to play in the story told, or an observer of events in which he or she is personally uninvolved.

Extradiegetic Narrator one who narrates a story from outside the fictional universe of a particular text.

Free indirect style Third person narrative which gives access to a character's thoughts.

Intrusive narrator Narrator and comments on characters.

Narrative framing device a story is surrounded ("framed") by a secondary story, creating a story within a story.

Polyphonic multi-voiced narration

Anaphoric reference making reference back to something previously identified in a text

Cataphoric reference making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text

Exophoric reference making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself

Simple sentence A sentence at its bare minimum with a subject, verb and object.

Compound Sentence A sentence with more than one subject, verb, or object. Complex Sentence A sentence containing on Independent clause

Parrallelism foregrounding through repetition at any one of the language levels

Declarative assertion or state of fact.

Imperative might show that the character is imperious.

Interrogative could demonstrate a character's self doubt or instil doubt in others.

Exclamative could create a sense of surprise, delight, tension or horror.

Trajector foreground

Containment Image Schema Akin to the concept of 'mise en scene' (all that is in the frame) in TV and cinema. However, rather than the use of props and lighting, it will be grammatical structures and choices that created the scene.