- Italy attacks Ethiopia in 1935
- Axis powers are formed
- Spanish civil war
- Popular unrest against old order -> forced the king to leave spain
- The national front (nationalist) vs the ____
- German bombers struck the town of Guernica to test their new weapons
- Germany Invaded the Rhineland in 1936
- Hitlers plan was to bring all German speaking people into the third Reich – annexes Austria
- League of Nations is ineffective
- No control of major conflicts
- No progress in disarmament
- No effective military force
- Annexation of the Sudetenland
- The policy of appeasement – chamberlain and Hitler meet at the Munich conference 1938
- Czechoslovakia becomes part of the 3rd Reich
- Hitler broke the Munich agreement
- The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939
- Germany invaded Poland
- Britain and France declare war on Germany in turn (allied powers)
- Blitzkrieg – flash lightning fighting by Germany
- Nye Committee concluded that ww1 was a result of the greed of bankers and military contractors
- US needed to adopt a policy of isolationism to avoid war in Europe
- Paved the way for the US neutrality acts
- US Neutrality Acts
- Prohibited US travel on ships of fighting countries
- Prohibited loans and credits to nations at war
- Prohibited arms sale to nations at war
- Cash and carry act: the US would sell arms to nations at war but ships must meet merchant ships and nations must pay at time of delivery
- "Good Neighbor" Policy – undoing the tension of the Roosevelt corollary. With he threat of the US intended to gain Latin American support if war broke out.
THE WAR BEGINS
France Surrenders June 1940
- Poland fell in 16 days
- Norway and Denmark fell in 1 day in April 10, 1940
- Norway had mines they wanted
- Denmark had German speaking ppl and hitler wanted all german speakers under 1 reich
- Also for convenience to invade Britain
- Luxembourg in 1 day, may 11 1940
- Netherlands in 5 days, may 16 1940
- Belgium in 10 days , may 30, 1940
- France in 14 days, june 30, 1940
Dunkirk Evacuated: June 4
- When Germans invade France
- Allied troops trapped
- Rescue mission from England
- 240000 men to safety
France Divided: Germans set up a puppet state
- Vichy France was the new French govt after German occupation led by henry Petian
The French Resistance
- They made the free French flag
- General charles degaulle led resistance from HQ in London
- The french resistance fought to free themselves of nazi occupation and also fought against the vichy govt
Now britain is all alone
- Winston Churchill becomes the new prime minister
Battle of Britain: "The Blitz"
- In the summer and fall of 1940
- German and british air forces clashed in the skies over the UK locked in the larges sustained bombing compaign to that date
- A lot of ppl hid in the London "tube" during the Blitz air raid
The Royal Air Force
Lend-Lease Act
- US transfers arms or any other defense materials to ""the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US
- Made america the "great arsenal of democracy"
- Lent weapons to the US, USSR, africa, middle east, china, india, etc
The Atlantic Charter
- Roosevelt and Churchil treaty of friendship
- Solidifies alliance
- Final destruction of a nazi tyranny and a permanent system of general security
- Collective war strategy -> long term plans for US and GB
US Response to Japanese Aggression
- Gunboat panay, japan apologized
- During raping of nanjing, japan though chinese ppl were trying to escape on US ship so they bombed it but later apologized and paid off the US
- Strategic arms embargo act – US stopped selling oil and scrap metal to japan
- 1941 US froze all Japanese financial asses within the US
Pear Harbor
- Attack on Pearl Harbor proves that a single event can impart the publics opinion
- The next day, FDR called congress to declare war against Japan
- Following pearl harbor, japanese americans were suspected of being potentioal spies and terrorists
- Executive order 9066: FDR ordered the army to round up citizens and aliens of japanese ancestry on the west coast and put them in replacement centers (internment camps)
- In 1988 congress apologized for wartime mistreatment and voted to pay 20000 dollars
THE PACIFIC THEATER
- Japan takes the Philippines and US surrenders
- General Douglas Mac Arthur forced to retreat to Australia, leaving army behind
- Thousands of soldiers captured
- Forced to march 65 miles to a concentration camp
- A lot of ppl died on the way and ppl also died in the camps
Battle of Midway Island
- Yamamoto wants to annihilate the US fleet on midway island
- US intelligence team found out what the japanese ppl were doing
- The US got their carrier ships in place
- Bombers kept getting shot down by the japanese and then they got lost twice
- Americans then found japanese and bombed them all sinking them
Turning point of war
- Crushing defeat for the japanese and is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of ww2
- Permanently weakened the Japanese Navy, costing them over 200 naval aviators
- Allowed US navy the seize initiative and go offensive
Island hopping
- War strategy of US to cross ocean toward Japan for a mainland invasion fighting the japanese at every island shrinking their territorial control
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AFTER EUROPEAN THEATER
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Gen MacArthur "returns" to the Philippines
US Marines Iwo Jima
- Strategic ally victory
- Used volcanic island as fueling place
Kamikaze Pilots: Terror of Okinawa
THE EUROPEAN THEATER
Operation Barbarossa
- Hitler broke non-aggression pact by invading soviet union
- Soviets are officially at war with the axis powers
- 4million troops spread over 2,000 miles
- Nazis are now fighting too many fronts
- Support of Nazi regime starts to decline
Casablanca Conference
- Churchill and FDR met in Morocco
- Decision was made to deal with Europe first
- Allies would attack Italy because it is the weakest part of axis powers
- Accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of the axis powers
The Italian campaign
- Germany sends troops to help Italy
- Allies plan assault on weakest axis area
- Cin C of AFHQ Eisenhower, Henry Wilson and Harold
- Result – Mussolini was forced to resign
The "Big Three" at the Tehran conference
- FDR, Winston Churchill and Stalin agree to invade Europe across the English channel
Operation Overlord
- Drive Germans out of France
- D-Day the largest amphibious invasion in history
- Planned by general Dwight D Eisenhower
- The allies landed over 1 million men and liberated France and Belgium by August
The Liberation of Paris
- Allies landed over 1 million men
- Allies liberated France and Belgium
Assassination Plot
- Major Claus von Stauffenberg
- Was not ok with what Germany was doing
- "Operation Valkyrie"
Election of 1944
- Roosevelts 4th Term
- Americans did not want to switch leaders in the middle of the war
- Harry S Truman is the VP
Battle of the Bulge
- Germany launched one last attack against allies
- The allies won and now had a clear path to Germany
- Soviets pushed into Germany from the East
- US pushed into Germany from the West
Yalta Conference
- BIG THREE
- Agree to free elections in Eastern Europe
- Stalin demands influence in Eastern Europe…scares US b/c of communist expansion
- Split Germany into 4 occupation zones
- US convinces Soviets to fight in Asia
- Discussed First UN Meeting place of San Francisco
- US and British troops meet Russian soldiers in Germany in late April 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide
German Prime Minister also commits suicide
V-E Day
- On may 8, Germanys unconditional surrender took effect, and the European war came to a close.
- American soldiers and civilians celebrated V-E Day (Victory Day)
Potsdam Conference
- Stalin only original
- The United States has the A-bomb
- Japan must surrender or face destruction
The Manhattan Project:
- The Manhattan project was the secret research and development of the atomic bomb
- "Now I have become Death, the destroyer of worlds!"
Hiroshima
- 70,000 killed immediately
- Buildings destroyed
- Ppl dies of radiation poisoning and cancer later
Nagasaki
- 40,000 killed immediately
- 60,000 injured
- 100,000 died of radiation poisoning and cancer later
V-J Day
- Japan formally and unconditionally surrendered
RESULTS of WW2
The destruction of Europe
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