World War 2

  • Italy attacks Ethiopia in 1935
  • Axis powers are formed
  • Spanish civil war
    • Popular unrest against old order -> forced the king to leave spain
    • The national front (nationalist) vs the ____
  • German bombers struck the town of Guernica  to test their new weapons
  • Germany Invaded the Rhineland in 1936
  • Hitlers plan was to bring all German speaking people into the third Reich – annexes Austria
  • League of Nations is ineffective
    • No control of major conflicts
    • No progress in disarmament
    • No effective military force
  • Annexation of the Sudetenland
    • The policy of appeasement – chamberlain and Hitler meet at the Munich conference 1938
  • Czechoslovakia becomes part of the 3rd Reich
    • Hitler broke the Munich agreement
  • The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939
  • Germany invaded Poland
    • Britain and France declare war on Germany in turn (allied powers)
    • Blitzkrieg – flash lightning fighting by Germany
  • Nye Committee concluded that ww1 was a result of the greed of bankers and military contractors
    • US needed to adopt a policy of isolationism to avoid war in Europe
    • Paved the way for the US neutrality acts
  • US Neutrality Acts
    • Prohibited US travel on ships of fighting countries
    • Prohibited loans and credits to nations at war
    • Prohibited arms sale to nations at war
    • Cash and carry act: the US would sell arms to nations at war but ships must meet merchant ships and nations must pay at time of delivery
    • "Good Neighbor" Policy – undoing the tension of the Roosevelt corollary. With he threat of the US intended to gain Latin American support if war broke out.

THE WAR BEGINS

France Surrenders June 1940

  • Poland fell in 16 days
  • Norway and Denmark fell in 1 day in April 10, 1940
    • Norway had mines they wanted
    • Denmark had German speaking ppl and hitler wanted all german speakers under 1 reich
    • Also for convenience to invade Britain
  • Luxembourg in 1 day, may 11 1940
  • Netherlands in 5 days, may 16 1940
  • Belgium in 10 days , may 30, 1940
  • France in 14 days, june 30, 1940

Dunkirk Evacuated: June 4

  • When Germans invade France
  • Allied troops trapped
  • Rescue mission from England
  • 240000 men to safety

France Divided: Germans set up a puppet state

  • Vichy France was the new French govt after German occupation led by henry Petian

The French Resistance

  • They made the free French flag
  • General charles degaulle led resistance from HQ in London
  • The french resistance fought to free themselves of nazi occupation and also fought against the vichy govt

Now britain is all alone

  • Winston Churchill becomes the new prime minister

Battle of Britain: "The Blitz"

  • In the summer and fall of 1940
  • German and british air forces clashed in the skies over the UK locked in the larges sustained bombing compaign to that date
  • A lot of ppl hid in the London "tube" during the Blitz air raid

The Royal Air Force

  • The Luftwaffe

Lend-Lease Act

  • US transfers arms or any other defense materials to ""the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US
  • Made america the "great arsenal of democracy"
  • Lent weapons to the US, USSR, africa, middle east, china, india, etc

The Atlantic Charter

  • Roosevelt and Churchil treaty of friendship
  • Solidifies alliance
  • Final destruction of a nazi tyranny and a permanent system of general security
  • Collective war strategy -> long term plans for US and GB

US Response to Japanese Aggression

  • Gunboat panay, japan apologized
    • During raping of nanjing, japan though chinese ppl were trying to escape on US ship so they bombed it but later apologized and paid off the US
  • Strategic arms embargo act – US stopped selling oil and scrap metal to japan
  • 1941 US froze all Japanese financial asses within the US

Pear Harbor

  • Attack on Pearl Harbor proves that a single event can impart the publics opinion
  • The next day, FDR called congress to declare war against Japan
  • Following pearl harbor, japanese americans were suspected of being potentioal spies and terrorists
  • Executive order 9066: FDR ordered the army to round up citizens and aliens of japanese ancestry on the west coast and put them in replacement centers (internment camps)
  • In 1988 congress apologized for wartime mistreatment and voted to pay 20000 dollars

THE PACIFIC THEATER

  • Japan takes the Philippines and US surrenders
  • General Douglas Mac Arthur forced to retreat to Australia, leaving army behind
  • Thousands of soldiers captured
  • Forced to march 65 miles to a concentration camp
  • A lot of ppl died on the way and ppl also died in the camps

Battle of Midway Island

  • Yamamoto wants to annihilate the US fleet on midway island
  • US intelligence team found out what the japanese ppl were doing
  • The US got their carrier ships in place
  • Bombers kept getting shot down by the japanese and then they got lost twice
  • Americans then found japanese and bombed them all sinking them

Turning point of war

  • Crushing defeat for the japanese and is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of ww2
  • Permanently weakened the Japanese Navy, costing them over 200 naval aviators
  • Allowed US navy the seize initiative and go offensive

Island hopping

  • War strategy of US to cross ocean toward Japan for a mainland invasion fighting the japanese at every island shrinking their territorial control

\
AFTER EUROPEAN THEATER

\
Gen MacArthur "returns" to the Philippines

US Marines Iwo Jima

  • Strategic ally victory
  • Used volcanic island as fueling place

Kamikaze Pilots: Terror of Okinawa

  • One of the bloodiest battle sin the pacific

  • Kamikaze pilots are suicide bombers

    \

THE EUROPEAN THEATER

Operation Barbarossa

  • Hitler broke non-aggression pact by invading soviet union
  • Soviets are officially at war with the axis powers
  • 4million troops spread over 2,000 miles
  • Nazis are now fighting too many fronts
  • Support of Nazi regime starts to decline

Casablanca Conference

  • Churchill and FDR met in Morocco
  • Decision was made to deal with Europe first
  • Allies would attack Italy because it is the weakest part of axis powers
  • Accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of the axis powers

The Italian campaign

  • Germany sends troops to help Italy
  • Allies plan assault on weakest axis area
  • Cin C of AFHQ Eisenhower, Henry Wilson  and Harold
  • Result – Mussolini was forced to resign

The "Big Three" at the Tehran conference

  • FDR, Winston Churchill and Stalin agree to invade Europe across the English channel

Operation Overlord

  • Drive Germans out of France
  • D-Day the largest amphibious invasion in history
  • Planned by general Dwight D Eisenhower
  • The allies landed over 1 million men and liberated France and Belgium by August

The Liberation of Paris

  • Allies landed over 1 million men
  • Allies liberated France and Belgium

Assassination Plot

  • Major Claus von Stauffenberg
    • Was not ok with what Germany was doing
  • "Operation Valkyrie"

Election of 1944

  • Roosevelts 4th Term
  • Americans did not want to switch leaders in the middle of the war
  • Harry S Truman is the VP

Battle of the Bulge

  • Germany launched one last attack against allies
  • The allies won and now had a clear path to Germany
    • Soviets pushed into Germany from the East
    • US pushed into Germany from the West

Yalta Conference

  • BIG THREE
  • Agree to free elections in Eastern Europe
  • Stalin demands influence in Eastern Europe…scares US b/c of communist expansion
  • Split Germany into 4 occupation zones
  • US convinces Soviets to fight in Asia
  • Discussed First UN Meeting place of San Francisco
  • US and British troops meet Russian soldiers in Germany in late April 1945

Hitler Commits Suicide

German Prime Minister also commits suicide

V-E Day

  • On may 8, Germanys unconditional surrender took effect, and the European war came to a close.
  • American soldiers and civilians celebrated V-E Day (Victory Day)

Potsdam Conference

  • Stalin only original
  • The United States has the A-bomb
  • Japan must surrender or face destruction

The Manhattan Project:

  • The Manhattan project was the secret research and development of the atomic bomb
  • "Now I have become Death, the destroyer of worlds!"

Hiroshima

  • 70,000 killed immediately
  • Buildings destroyed
  • Ppl dies of radiation poisoning and cancer later

Nagasaki

  • 40,000 killed immediately
  • 60,000 injured
  • 100,000 died of radiation poisoning and cancer later

V-J Day

  • Japan formally and unconditionally surrendered

RESULTS of WW2

The destruction of Europe

  • The Marshall plan was instituted by the US to rebuild war-torn Europe

  • Economic plan to rebuild and reestablish trade

    \

\