Physical science
Law→description of a truth
Phenomena→anything observable or measurable
Theory→a model that explains something‒-may or may not prove true
Hypothesis→an educated guess a of what could happen in an experiment
Historical science→not testable, un observable, based off of a guess
Operiational→able to be tested over and over and to be observed
ion→an atom or molecule with different number of electrons and protons
atom→smallest unit of matter
matter→anything with mass that takes up space (plasma, liquid, gas, and solid)
kinetic molecular theory→belief that all types of matter are in constant motion
subatomic parts of an atom→protons neutrons and electrons‒atom are natural when the number of electrons=number of protons
liquid→completley mobile properties,definate volume, shape determined by container, low compressibility, varies in viscosity, waves can go through the surface, fluid
solid→particles are close together, fixed, definite volume/shape, dense, low compressibility
gases→particles are far apart and move at high speeds, highly compressible, volume/shape determined by container, fluid
condenstation→gas to liquid‒dew on grass
vaporization→liquid into gas‒boiling water
sublimation→solid to gas‒dry ices
deopsition→gas to solid‒frost
physical change→only alters the appearance, temporary/reusable, no energy change, mass unaltered
chemical change→physical AND molecular change=new substance, permanat and irreversible, mass is altered
accuracy→an assesment of mesurement error, how FAR we are from the actual assessment
percision→an assesment of the exactness of a measurement, how CLOSE we are to the actual measurement
quantitative→numerical measurements
qualitative→descriptive measurements
SI (system International)→system that uses metric units
measuring limits→wont be fine enough to align with the dimension measured, enviornmental conditions, could be read incorrectly, defective
significant digits→Establishes the amount of persicion of digits used in a measurement or calculator
scientific notation→tool used to shorten longer numbers
density→amount of mass of a substance M=PxV
volume→measuring the space enclosed in an object V=LxWxH
scaler→a dimension that has a single piece of information
vector→a dimension that has 2 pieces of info: scalar and direction
motion→change in position over time
mechanics→modern study of motion
dynamics→WHAT causes things to move
kinematics→HOW things move
speed→distance over time it took to cover the distance‒scale
deltaT→end-beginning
displacement→distance between the start of an experiment and the end of it, vector, positive or negative
distance→total length traveled, always positive, scalar
speed→distance over time took to cover a distance, scalar
velocity→rate of completing a distance, vector
force→push or pull on a system, vector that is represented by an arrow pointing any direction
friction→contact force that works against the movement systwms moving past one another
kinetic friction→between sliding objects
rolling friction→between rolling and stationary
fluid friction→drag of liquid on a object in the fluid
static friction→between statiinary objects
newtons first law→whatever is in motion stays in motion and whatever is in rest stays in rest unless an outside force acts on it
newtons second law→accelerated motion F=MxA
newtons third law→for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
free fall→when objects fall due to gravity alone with no other forces acting on them
contact forces→when forces cause systems to touch each other
compression→things are being pushed together (contact)
tension→things are pulled apart (contact)
shear→things distort or move parallel to each other (contact)
torsion→when objects are twisted (contact)
field forces→forces that objects that dont touch, weakens with distance
gravitational→affects everything including light (field)
magnetic→affects iron, magnets and movung charges (field)
Electric→affects electrical charges (field)
energy→ablity to do work, measured in joules
work→force actiong on an oblect through a distance, also measured in joules
potential energy→stored energy in a system
kinetic energy→energy of motion
mechanical energy→energy resulting from the motion of matter
thermal energy→energy of heat, all particles have motion qnd motions produces heat that flows through systems
acoustic energy→energy of sound, particles occilate in a specific direction through matter
magnetic energy→exets a field force that attracts or repels magnetic objects
Radient energy→can be radiated by matter and transmitted through a vacuum, most common type is light
electrical energy→based on the charges of the particles in an atom. like charges repel, opposites attract
chemical energy→the energy stored between the bonds of atoms and molecules when bonded together
nuclear energy→given from the changing of the nucleus
mass energy→theoretic energy that can turn energy to mass using E=m.c2
Elastic collisions→two objects collide and become deformed, heat given off and kinetic energy lost, not real on earth‒closest is two hockey pucks colliding
partially eleastic collision→two objects collide and get deformed, heat given and ke lost‒ baseballl hitting a baseball bat
ineleastic→two objects stock together after collision, both are deformed permanently‒icecream on pavement
1st law of thermodynamics (conseveration of energy law)→states that energy is not lost or gained, just transformed from one kind to another
power→rate of doing work
mechanical advantage→measure of the reduction in effort to do a certain amount of work using a simple machine
distance princible→in order to gain mechanical advantage you need to sacrifice distance
work→Force x displacement
ideal mechanical advantage (IMA)→ignorig the effects of friction on our simple machine
actual mechanical advantage (AMA)→calculating with the effects of friction
types of simple machines→pulleys, wheels and axels, inclinde planes..
lever→ridgid bar resting on a pivot point
power→measured in watts
fluid mechaincs→study of how fluid flow and how forces and energy are transmitted through fluids
specific gravity (realative density)→measure of aj objects density when compared to waters density, unitless
coanda effect→fluids flowing close to a curved surface follow the shap of the surface rather than a straight path
affects fluid pressure→depth of the liquid and how much pressure exerted by the fluid, density of the fluid, atmospheric gases gravity holds the gases more tightly the closer you get to the earths surface
bernoulli's principle→pressuer in a stream of fluid is reduced as the speed of the flow is increased and vise versa
pascal's principle→changes pressure on the surface of a confined fluid are exertrd equally throughout the fluid at all points
archemidies princible→states that an immersed object is lifted by a force equal to weight of the displaced fluid
boyle's law→states that as volume decreases in a container pressure of the gas will increase and as the volume increase pressure decreases
charles's law→states that as temeraturw of a gas increases so does the pressure of the gas and as the temerature decreases so does the pressure
kinetic molecular theory→atoms, ions, molecules, and subatomic particlesa are always in motion
internal energy→sum of all kinetic energies and potetial energies between the particles
fiducial points→standard or measuring scale; must be fixed, percisley measurable and easliy reproduced
farenheit scale→fiducial points are bteewn 32-212
celsius scale→fiducial points are between 0-100
kelvin scale→just 273
conduction→heat is transferred between to objects that are touching‒pot on stove
covection→heat carried fro, one place to another through fluids‒covection oven
radiation→heat transfers through the process of thermal energy being coverted into electromagnetic and back to thermal once is absorbed‒suns warmth on earth
properties of a good insulater→atoms are held tightly to their electrons, bonded together in a sponge like structure, is a gas, and uses a vaccum
Data→information/observations come from measurements/descriptions