Opression Lecture GVPT 241 10/23

Ogun argues that the right of exit becomes meaningless in practice.
Consequently, illiberal practices should not be tolerated universally, i.e., not just minority cultures but all illiberal practices.

The theory of punishment primarily concerns achieving certain goals, such as:
- Rehabilitation: The process of reintegrating an offender into society as a law-abiding citizen.
- Deterrence: The strategy aimed at discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment.
This perspective belongs to consequentialism, which justifies actions based on their outcomes.

Chapter three of "On Liberty" focuses on:
- Mill's concern regarding unjustified moral coercion.
Mill's context was a liberal democratic environment, contrasting with other European societies of his time.
He emphasized social coercion (preventing individuality) over legal oppression.

The two broad strategies of multiculturalism:
- Assimilation: Minority groups adopting the majority’s cultural norms.
- Integration: Minority groups coexisting while maintaining distinct cultural identities.
Thin multiculturalism: Tolerates only those minority cultures that align with liberal state norms - described as the low-hanging fruit.
Wilke Kimlicka's concept of differentiated citizenship highlights disparities among minority groups needing extra effort to achieve equivalent basic goods.

According to Satra, a psychological trend that does not facilitate threats to individuality and autonomy via social media is:
- ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).
A significant variance in negative liberty theories relates to what restrictions on liberty are considered valid, addressing:
- Intentional acts of others being chiefly recognized as limitations.
- In this view, poverty is not regarded as a legitimate restriction on liberty.

Definition: A justice process focusing on restoring relationships between offenders and society.
Characteristics of restorative justice:
- Backwards-looking: Involves understanding the nature and context of the crime.
- Forwards-looking: Aims to repair relationships and prevent further harm.
Different approaches based on the crime type (e.g., processes for theft vs. murder differ significantly).

Fry's article addresses sexual harassment and the feminist movement's evolution into the 1980s.
Usage of the term oppression:
- Initially a descriptor of women's issues, it became overused, losing specific meaning.
- Men began claiming oppression related to perceived attacks on masculinity, causing confusion on the true dimensions of oppression.

Defined as minimal options for women where each comes with penalties.
- This is analogous to a Catch-22 scenario.
Historical job discrimination and sexual harassment highlight how women are limited to undesirable roles.
Accepting discrimination leads to enabling oppressors; resisting leads to negative labeling of women.

Reference to Hillary Clinton’s political journey:
- Despite being a capable senator, she faced scrutiny on her character, rarely directed at male candidates.
- The distinct skill sets required for politics and holding office underscore challenges for women.
Other politicians (e.g., Liz Warren, Kamala Harris) have similarly faced the double bind.

Fry illustrates double standards regarding female sexual activity: too much leads to negative reputations, too little results in a different unfavorable view.
- Men do not typically face similar social penalties.

Fry uses the bird cage analogy to describe women's oppression:
- Each bar represents systemic societal barriers, with no single wire being the sole obstacle but an accumulation of societal expectations.
Examples include societal norms surrounding behaviors, titles, and roles confined by other wires (cultural expectations).

Update on Fry's Theory: Contemporary issues arise from implicit judgments rather than overt sexism.
Suggested tool for exploring implicit biases:
- Harvard's Implicit Bias Quiz assesses biases across various societal segments.

Illustrates societal expectations through everyday conduct:
- Discussion on whether simple gestures (like holding doors) imply incapacity and reinforce stereotypes.

Example from historical advertisements highlighted:
- Portrayed women as needing assistance, suggesting a limitation in abilities.
- Most recent ads show concealed messages about societal roles still tied to gender norms.

Fry's arguments suggest that oppression creates categories for both men and women, limiting behaviors and forms of expressions.
Explores broader societal implications where oppression is detrimental not only to the oppressed but also to oppressors due to established false hierarchies of superiority.