Reading and Writing skills (Engs02G) Reviewer
Critical Thinking - Involves a series of complex thought processes which allows you to make reasoned
judgements, assess the way you think, and solve problems effectively.
Non-Critical Thinking - Happens when you simply accept the things you are told without examining them. It also happens when you construct thoughts based purely on emotions.
READING SKILLS
Pre-Reading - Aims to induce the reader’s motivation to read and to activate their schema.
While-Reading - Rereading the text until you fully understand it. You can look for context clues, predicting, inferencing.
Post-Reading - Checking if you really understood the text. The skills include reflecting, drawing conclusions, and summarizing.
BASIC READING SKILLS
1. Rapid Reading – Aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short
span of time. Examples of this are skimming and scanning which both are pre- reading skills.
a. Skimming – getting the general idea of the text. A type of quick reading where in you get the main idea and overview of the material.
b. Scanning – a reading strategy which aims to get specific information from a given text.
2. Previewing – a reading skill that is involved when the reader looks over the material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant. Effective previewing involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, and checking the illustrations and other visuals of a material.
3. Literal Reading - involves understanding the facts that are directly stated in the printed material. Skills under this category include note-taking, paraphrasing, and summarizing. These are done in the post-reading stage.
a. Summarizing – condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage.
b. Paraphrasing – restating the ideas from the original text.
TYPES OF READING
1. Developmental reading – a systematics instruction which aims to develop the students’ reading skill.
2. Pleasure reading – a more passive type of reading that primarily aims to provide enjoyment and
entertainment.
3. Functional reading – designed to help students learn basic functional reading ability.
4. Remedial reading – aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and learning.
BRAINSTORMING - Technique for generating ideas.
METHODS OF BRAINSTORMING
Idea List - Describes various aspects of concept. It simply requires you to write the main topic and then write down all related concepts below it.
idea map - It is visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another. Unlike the idea list, an idea map is more structured; thus, it is able to show how one idea subordinates another idea.
TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
1. Venn Diagram - used to compare and contrast ideas and events. It uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes.
2. Network tree - used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching. It is useful in showing
relationships of scientific categories, family trees, and even lineages.
3. Spider Map - Used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could be a concept, topic, or theme.
4. Problem – solution map - displays the nature of the problem and how it can be solved. This map usually contains the problem’s description, its causes and effects, and logical solutions.
5. Timeline - used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled with dates and specific events.
6. Plot Diagram - a tool used to map events in a story. It is used to analyze the major parts of a plot. The major events to be placed in the plot diagram are:
a. Exposition - The exposition is where your story begins. It sets the stage by introducing the setting, mood, main character, supporting characters, and time.
b. Rising action - This is where the conflict and the character are developed.
c. Climax - The climax is the turning point of your story, the moment of highest tension and excitement. It's where the main character confronts the conflict head-on and the outcome of the story is decided.
d. Falling action - This is where the consequences of the climax play out, and the story begins to wind down. It's a time for reflection and understanding, as the main character and the readers alike grapple with the changes that have occurred. The characters are now adjusting to their “new normal.”
e. Resolution - This is where all the loose ends are tied up, and the story comes to a satisfying conclusion. It's the final note in your symphony, the last piece of the puzzle that brings everything together.
7. Series of Events Chain - is used to show the logical sequence of events.
8. Fishbone map - is used to better understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon.
9. Cycle - describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly.
10.Persuasion map - is used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint. This map is especially useful when processing persuasive or argumentative texts.
Kinds of Outline
Topic outline - uses words and phrases as its entries. Generally, it is used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.
Sentence outline - uses complete sentences as its entries. It is used when the topic being discussed is complicated and require details.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Definition - It helps clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?” This pattern explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples, and descriptions take note of the term to be defined and the detailed explanation of the terms you can use a spider map to better understand a definition text.
2. Exemplification - It presents the general statement and then provide specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea pay attention to the main idea and the specific examples, as these are the most important parts of these pattern you can use a spider map to better understand an exemplification text.
3. Description - Provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern. The most important elements of this pattern are the type of description used, the clustering of details, and the progression of description
* Sensory Pattern - ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses
* Spatial Pattern – ideas are arranged by location or physical space
4. Chronology/ Procedure - Organizes ideas or events according to time. It can be done through narration or a process.
5. Listing - Organizes ideas using enumeration. Basically, presents series of items (facts, examples,
features, reasons, and tips) that support a main idea.
6. Comparison and Contrast - Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar or different from one another.
7. Classification and Division - Organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards used when classifying people, objects, events, things, places, and other items.
8. Cause and Effect - Organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon
9. Problem-Solution - Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solution. Includes the what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem.
10. Persuasion - Organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or
arguments.