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Self And Personality
Self And Personality
Personality
Combination of attributes, motives, values, emotionality, and behaviors.
Dispositional traits = enduring & inborn.
Characteristic adaptations = motives, goals, self-concept & coping.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stages:
Trust vs. mistrust (0-1 yr): Hope.
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt (1-3 yrs): Will.
Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 yrs): Purpose.
Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs): Competence.
Identity vs. role confusion (12-20 yrs): Fidelity.
Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 yrs): Love.
Generativity vs. stagnation (40-65 yrs): Care.
Integrity vs. despair (65+ yrs): Wisdom.
Trait Theory
Personality = set of dispositional trait dimensions consistent across situations.
Big Five (OCEAN):
Openness.
Conscientiousness.
Extraversion.
Agreeableness.
Neuroticism.
Big Five Dimensions Definition
Openness: Curiosity vs. preference for sameness.
Conscientiousness: Discipline vs. lack of seriousness.
Extraversion: Sociability vs. introversion.
Agreeableness: Compliance vs. suspiciousness.
Neuroticism: Emotional instability vs. stability.
Continuity of Personality
Inhibited 3-year-olds become cautious teens.
Irritable 3-year-olds become impulsive adolescents.
Well-adjusted 3-year-olds become well-adjusted adults.
The Self
Self-concept: Perceptions of unique attributes and traits
Self-esteem: Evaluation of worth.
Self-identity: Sense of who they are.
Self Concept
Infancy: Recognize themselves visually; confusion of self and others.
Toddlers: Recognize self in mirror by 18 months; form categorical self by 18-24 months.
Preschoolers: Concrete sense of self; overestimate abilities.
Elementary: Social comparison; more realistic self-adjustment.
Temperament
Early, genetically based tendencies.
Easy (40%).
Difficult (10%).
Slow-to-warm-up (15%).
Dimensions:
Surgency/extraversion.
Negative affectivity.
Effortful control.
Goodness of Fit
Compatibility of temperament with social world demands.
Sensitive and responsive parenting.
Changes in Self-Esteem
Differentiates with age into:
Scholastic competence, social acceptance, behavioral conduct, athletic competence, physical appearance.
Trajectory: Stable in early elementary, declines around 9-10, lowest in late teens, rises in adulthood, declines in 70s.
Erikson’s Theory & Identity in Adolescence
Critical period for identity formation.
May experience an “identity crisis”.
Integrate self-concept into a coherent sense of self.
Society supports youths with a moratorium period.
Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Based on crisis/exploration and level of commitment.
Identity Diffusion.
Moratorium.
Foreclosure.
Identity Achievement.
Formation takes time and occurs at different rates in different domains.
Ethnic-Racial Identity
Sense of identification with an ethnic-racial group.
Emerges around 2-3 y-o, develops in elementary school, consolidates in adolescence.
Positive ethnic identity buffers against discrimination.
Influences on Identity Formation
Cognitive development.
Personality.
Relationship with parents.
Opportunities for exploration.
Cultural context.
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